Editorial: Post-traumatic duodenal ileus. (1974). British Medical Journal, 3(5925), 214. 

            Notes: Editorial describing the occurance of SMAS in patients recovering from traumatic injury. Link: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1612023/?page=1

Williams, L. F., & Bowers, W. F. (1961). Arteriomesenteric Duodenal Obstruction Associated with Severe Peptic Ulcer Disease . Annals of Surgery, 153(2), 250–255. 

            Notes: Multiple case reports with both SMAS and peptic ulcer. Case one is a 12-year-old female diagnosed with SMAS and a duodenal ulcer. After surgery to treat both, the recovery was slow but successful by one month. Case two is a 27-year-old female diagnosed with SMAS and an ulcer treated successfully with surgery; case three is a 24-year-old male diagnosed with SMAS and a duodenal ulcer who was also treated successfully with surgery, and case four is a 23-year-old male with a five-year history of illness diagnosed with SMAS and a duodenal ulcer. Surgical treatment was successful. Link: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1613881/

Feneley, R. C., & Macdonald, D. (1969). Acute arteriomesenteric duodenal ileus as a complication following operative correction of scoliosis. Postgraduate Medical Journal, 45(530), 781–784. Notes: Case report of a 12-year-old girl with history of Marfan’s syndrome who underwent scoliosis and was diagnosed with SMAS post-op and was treated surgically with lysis of the ligament of treitz. When symptoms continued post-op, a gastrojejunostomy was performed, which was successful. Link: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2466931/pdf/postmedj00372-0037.pdf

Hokama, A., Tomiyama, R., Kishimoto, K., Kinjo, F., Saito, A., & Matayoshi, M. (2005). Chronic intermittent vomiting after scoliosis surgery. Gut, 54(2), 222. doi:10.1136/gut.2004.044313 Notes: Case report of a 12-year-old girl diagnosed with SMAS 18 months post-op from scoliosis surgery. Conservative treatment was successful. Link: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1774827/

Tidjane, A., Tabeti, B., Benmaarouf, N., Boudjenan, N., Bouziane, C., & Kessai, N. (2014). Le syndrome de la pince aorto-mésentérique: rare, mais pensez-y. The Pan African Medical Journal, 17, 47. doi:10.11604/pamj.2014.17.47.3879  

            Notes: Case report of a 78-year-old patient with pulmonary disease diagnosed with SMAS. After medical treatment failed, the patient underwent surgery (gastrojejunostomy, trans-mesocolic) which was successful. However, the patient was deceased at 35 days post op due to the pulmonary condition. Article is in French. Link: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4085896/

Wayne, E., Miller, R. E., & Eiseman, B. (1971). Duodenal obstruction by the superior mesenteric artery in bedridden combat casualties. Annals of Surgery, 174(3), 339–345. 

            Notes: Case report of five patients bedridden with combat injuries diagnosed with SMAS. In case one, surgery was successful, and in cases two through five, conservative treatment with repositioning and high calorie feeds was successful. Includes chart of SMA angle measurements. Link: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1397584/pdf/annsurg00392-0011.pdf

Mandal, A., & Baig, S. (2012). Malignant Tumor at D-4 Mimicking Wilkie’s Syndrome. The Indian Journal of Surgery, 74(2), 201–203. doi:10.1007/s12262-011-0268-8  

            Notes: Case report of a 60-year-old male with clinical and radiological findings consistent with SMAS. Surgery revealed instead a tumor suspected to be malignant, which was removed, and a feeding tube was inserted. Symptoms were relieved, and at 1-year follow up the patient was well. Link: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3309090/pdf/12262_2011_Article_268.pdf

Limaye, C. S., Karande, S. P., Aher, S. P., & Pati, K. A. (2011). Superior mesenteric artery syndrome secondary to tuberculosis induced cachexia. The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India, 59, 670. 

            Notes: Case report of a 59-year-old male with a history of tuberculosis one year earlier. He was diagnosed with SMAS as a complication of tuberculosis. Conservative treatment was begun, but the patient succumbed to respiratory failure due to tuberculosis. Link: http://www.japi.org/october_2011/15_cr_superior_mesenteric_artery.pdf

Devadass, C. W., Okaly, G. V. P., Hm, S., Pai, S. A., & Sridher, H. (2014). Wilkie's syndrome and left adnexal mass: Unusual presentation of duodenal adenocarcinoma. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research : JCDR, 8(8), FD01. 

            Notes: Case report of a 58-year-old female diagnosed with SMAS and duodenal adenocarcinoma. The tumors were removed and a feeding tube was inserted. Recovery from surgery was successful but the patient was lost to follow up. Link: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4190722/pdf/jcdr-8-FD01.pdf

Bhat, D., & Budhiraja, S. (2014). ABSTRACT 596: SUPERIOR MESENTERIC ARTERY SYNDROME. Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, 15, 135. doi:10.1097/01.pcc.0000449322.75585.72

            Notes: Case report of a 12-year-old female treated for dengue fever who developed SMAS as a complication of her illness. Surgical treatment (duodenujejunostomy) was successful. Link: http://journals.lww.com/pccmjournal/Fulltext/2014/05001/Abstract_596___Superior_Mesenteric_Artery.593.aspx x

Aslam, M. I., & Finch, J. G. (2008; 2007). Prolonged gastroparesis after corrective surgery for wilkie's syndrome: A case report. Journal of Medical Case Reports, 2(1), 109-109. doi:10.1186/1752-1947-2-109 

            Notes: Case report of a 49-year-old female diagnosed with SMAS and treated surgically (side-to-side duodenojejunostomy). Post-op, symptoms continued and slow gastric emptying continued. A diagnosis of gastroparesis was made. Possible continued treatments are speculated. Link: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2330058/pdf/1752-1947-2-109.pdf

de Silva, A. P., Molagoda, A., Fernando, P. L., & de Silva, H. J. (1998). The young woman who could not stop vomiting. Postgraduate Medical Journal, 74(877), 691-692. doi:10.1136/pgmj.74.877.691 

            Notes: Case report of a 28-year-old woman diagnosed with SMAS caused by an eating disorder. Surgery was performed, but did not lead to remission of vomiting due to continued eating disorder. Link: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2431619/pdf/postmedj00143-0053.pdf

Clarke, D., Sharma, A. K., & Shute, K. (1997). Gastric outlet obstruction--with a difference. Postgraduate Medical Journal, 73(866), 823-824. doi:10.1136/pgmj.73.866.823 

            Notes: Case report of a 64-year-old male diagnosed with SMAS and treated surgically. An initial gastrojejunostomy was unsuccessful, but a modification into a duodenojejunostomy was successful. Link: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2431540/pdf/postmedj00156-0057.pdf x

Kim, S., Kim, Y. S., & Min, Y. (2014). SMA syndrome treated by single incision laparoscopic duodenojejunostomy. Clinical Medicine Insights.Case Reports, 7, 87. 

            Notes: Case report of a 75-year-old male diagnosed with SMAS and treated surgically, with a single incision laparoscopic duodenojejunostomy. Surgery was successful. Link: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4149391/pdf/ccrep-7-2014-087.pdf x

Sandmann, W., Pourhassan, S., Grotemeyer, D., Heuer, T., Wendt, D., Jacobi, S., & Schröder, M. (2012). Wilkie-syndrom: Chronisches erbrechen und „hoher ileus“ durch duodenale kompression zwischen aorta und A  mesenterica superior. Der Gastroenterologe, 7(6), 507-512. doi:10.1007/s11377-011-0624-z 

            Notes: Case reports of three patients with SMAS treated with infrarenal transposition of the SMA, including a girl with Ehlers-Danlos. All were symptom free six weeks post-op. Article is in German. Link: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11377-011-0624-z

Fearon, N. M., Mohan, H. M., & Winter, D. C. (2013). Wilkie's syndrome causing persistent vomiting post-colectomy. International Journal of Surgery Case Reports, 4(12), 1071-1072. doi:10.1016/j.ijscr.2013.09.004  

            Notes: Case report of a 79-year-old male diagnosed with SMAS post-op for a colectomy with history of multiple abdominal surgeries. Conservative treatment was successful. Link: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3860028/?report=classic

Moskovich, R., & Cheong-Leen, P. (1986). Vascular compression of the duodenum. JRSM, 79(8), 465-467. 

            Notes: Case one involves a 15-year-old female treated surgically for scoliosis and diagnosed post-op with SMAS, treated successfully with conservative treatment involving positioning. Case two involves a 20-year-old female treated surgically for scoliosis diagnosed with SMAS post-op. Surgical treatment (side-to-side duodenojejunostomy) was successful. Link: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1290418/pdf/jrsocmed00187-0031.pdf

Maheronnaghsh, R., Yousefian, A., & Rahimi-Movaghar, V. (2012). Updated evidence-based bowel management among spinal cord injury patients. Journal of Injury & Violence Research, 4(3 Suppl 1), S62. 

            Notes: Recommendations for the treatment of several GI complications of spinal cord injury. Conservative treatment is recommended for SMAS. Link: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3571585/pdf/jivr-04-03-59.pdf

Bhattacharjee, P. K. (2008). Wilkie's syndrome: An uncommon cause of intestinal obstruction. The Indian Journal of Surgery, 70(2), 83-85. doi:10.1007/s12262-008-0022-z 

            Notes: Case report of a 10-year-old male diagnosed with SMAS. After conservative treatment failed, surgical treatment (duodenojejunostomy) was successful. Link: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3452397/pdf/12262_2008_Article_22.pdf x-x

Girotra, M., Shah, H. R., & Rego, R. F. (2013). An intriguing cause of intractable nausea and vomiting. Saudi Journal of Gastroenterology : Official Journal of the Saudi Gastroenterology Association, 19(4), 190. doi:10.4103/1319-3767.114510 Notes: Case report of a 60-year-old woman diagnosed with SMAS. It is assumed it was a result of weight loss due to cancer treatment she underwent previously. Link: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3745663/

Lorentziadis, M. L. (2011). Wilke’s syndrome. A rare cause of duodenal obstruction. Annals of Gastroenterology, 24, 59-61. Notes: Case report of a 15-year-old female diagnosed with SMAS. After she refused conservative treatment, surgery was performed (side-to-side duodenojejunostomy), which led to weight gain and resolution of symptoms. Link: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3959462/pdf/AnnGastroenterol-24-59.pdf

Stümpfle, R., Wright, A. R., & Walsh, J. (2003). Superior mesenteric artery syndrome in an HIV positive patient. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 79(3), 262-263. doi:10.1136/sti.79.3.262-a Notes: Case report of a 27-year-old male with AIDS and left sided weakness diagnosed with SMAS. Symptoms continued post-op of an anterior gastrojejunostomy, but with weight gain due to a feeding tube symptoms improved. Link: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1744672/pdf/v079p00262a.pdf

Sharma, S., & Azzopardi, T. (2006). Reduction of abdominal pressure for prophylaxis of the mesenteric artery syndrome (cast syndrome) in a hip spica--a simple technique. Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England, 88(3), 317-317. doi:10.1308/003588406X106342c Notes: Description of technique for using rubber spacer in a spica cast to prevent SMAS. Link: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1963662/pdf/rcse8803-317a.pdf

Roy, A., Gisel, J. J., Roy, V., & Bouras, E. P. (2005). Superior mesenteric artery (Wilkie’s) syndrome as a result of cardiac cachexia. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 20(10), C3-C4. doi:10.1007/s11606-005-0237-7 

            Notes: Case report of an 86-year-old male with cardiac cachexia due to congestive heart failure diagnosed with SMAS. Conservative treatment led to resolution of symptoms. Link: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1490234/

Andrews, S. N., Sanders, G., & Cooper, M. J. (2005). The acute surgical abdomen following kyphoscoliosis corrective surgery. Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England, 87(5), W3-W5. doi:10.1308/147870805X60752 

            Notes: Case report of a 14-year-old female diagnosed with SMAS several weeks post-op for scoliosis surgery. After conservative treatment failed, surgical treatment (anterior transposition of the duodenum) was successful, and she was released two weeks post-op. Link: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1963993/

Florence Jeune Gaspard d’Assignies Alain Sauvanet Sébastien Gaujoux. (2013). A rare cause of obstructive jaundice and gastric outlet obstruction. 世界胃肠外科杂志：英文版（电子版）, 5(6), 192-194. doi:10.4240/wjgs.v5.i6.192 

             Notes: Case report of a 31-year-old male with traumatic spinal injury after a fall. Following weight loss, patient was jaundiced and was diagnosed with SMAS and gastric outlet obstruction. Treatment is not described. Link: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3692955/pdf/WJGS-5-192.pdf

Miura, T., Nakamura, J., Yamada, S., Miura, T., Yanagi, M., Tani, Y., . . . Takahashi, T. (2010). A fatal aortoesophageal fistula caused by critical combination of double aortic arch and nasogastric tube insertion for superior mesenteric artery syndrome. Case Reports in Gastroenterology, 4(2), 198-203. doi:10.1159/000316633 

            Notes: Case report of a 19-year-old woman with double aortic arch (DAA) diagnosed with SMAS.  Intubation for treatment of SMAS led to initial relief of symptoms but caused ulceration that led to a fatal aortoesophageal fistula. Hematemesis led to shock and death. Link: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2929415/pdf/crg0004-0198.pdf

Makam, R., Chamany, T., Potluri, V. K., Varadaraju, P. J., & Murthy, R. (2008). Laparoscopic management of superior mesentric artery syndrome: A case report and review of literature Medknow Publications. 

            Notes: Case report of a 14-year-old female diagnosed with SMAS following weight loss. After conservative treatment failed, laparoscopic duodenojejunostomy was successful. Link: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2699079/?report=classic x-

Tsirikos, A. I., Anakwe, R. E., & Baker, A. D. L. (2008; 2007). Late presentation of superior mesenteric artery syndrome following scoliosis surgery: A case report. Journal of Medical Case Reports, 2(1), 9-9. doi:10.1186/1752-1947-2-9 

            Notes: Case report of a 16-year-old female who underwent scoliosis surgery. 45 days post-op, she was readmitted with SMAS. Conservative treatment was successful. Link: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2246147/pdf/1752-1947-2-9.pdf

Prasad, S., Lingadakai, R., Chethan, K., & Abdul, Z. (2010). Superior mesenteric artery syndrome secondary to brucellosis - A case report. The Indian Journal of Surgery, 72(3), 265-267. doi:10.1007/s12262-010-0066-8 

            Notes: Case report of an 18-year-old male diagnosed with brucellosis infection and secondary SMAS. Surgery to treat the SMAS (duodenojejunostomy) was successful. Link: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3452641/pdf/12262_2010_Article_66.pdf x

Raissi, B., Taylor, B. M., & Taves, D. H. (1996). Recurrent superior mesenteric artery (wilkie's) syndrome: A case report. Canadian Journal of Surgery.Journal Canadien De Chirurgie, 39(5), 410. 

            Notes: Case report of a 20-year-old woman diagnosed with SMAS and treated surgically when conservative treatment failed. While surgery (duodenojejunostomy) was initially successful, symptoms recurred after 1 year. At surgery, the anastomosis was found to be displaced, causing recurrent obstruction. Conversion to a roux-en-y duodenojejunostomy led to remission of symptoms. Link: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3949964/pdf/0390410.pdf x

Petrosyan, M., Estrada, J. J., Giuliani, S., Williams, M., Rosen, H., & Mason, R. J. (2009). Gastric perforation and pancreatitis manifesting after an inadvertent nissen fundoplication in a patient with superior mesenteric artery syndrome. Case Reports in Medicine, 2009, 426162-4. doi:10.1155/2009/426162 

            Notes: Case report of a 54-year-old woman with history of nissen fundoplication to treat reflux diagnosed with SMAS and secondary gastric perforation and pancreatitis. Surgical treatment (duodenojejunostomy) was successful. Link: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2734930/pdf/CRM2009-426162.pdf x

Agarwal, T., Rockall, T. A., Wright, A. R., & Gould, S. W. T. (2003). Superior mesenteric artery syndrome in a patient with HIV. JRSM, 96(7), 350-351. doi:10.1258/jrsm.96.7.350 

            Notes:  Case report of a 27-year-old man with HIV diagnosed with SMAS. After conservative treatment failed, surgery (gastrojejunostomy) was successful. Link: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC539542/pdf/0960350.pdf

Sinagra, E., Montalbano, L. M., Linea, C., Giunta, M., Tesè, L., La Seta, F., . . . D'Amico, G. (2012). Delayed-onset superior mesenteric artery syndrome presenting as oesophageal peptic stricture. Case Reports in Gastroenterology, 6(1), 94-102. doi:10.1159/000336278 

            Notes: Case report of a 17-year-old female with esophageal stenosis caused by severe reflux caused by SMAS. Treatment of the SMAS with parenteral and enteral nutrition, and treatment of the esophageal stenosis with endoscopic dilation led to improvement in nutrition and improvement in peristalsis. Link: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3355678/pdf/crg-0006-0094.pdf

Felton, B. M., White, J. M., & Racine, M. A. (2012). An uncommon case of abdominal pain: Superior mesenteric artery syndrome. The Western Journal of Emergency Medicine, 13(6), 501-502. Notes: Case report of a 54-year-old male with history of peptic ulcer disease and surgery for perforation, diagnosed with SMAS following alcohol. Nasogastric decompression relieved symptoms, and patient left the hospital against medical advice. Link: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3555602/pdf/wjem-13-501.pdf

Neuman, A., Desai, B., Glass, D., & Diab, W. (2014). Superior mesenteric artery syndrome in a patient with cerebral palsy. Case Reports in Medicine, 2014, 538289. doi:10.1155/2014/538289 Notes: Case report of a 34-year-old female with cerebral palsy diagnosed with SMAS. After one month of outpatient conservative treatment, symptoms recurred. Surgical treatment (duodenujejunostomy) led to weight gain. Link: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4098610/pdf/CRIM2014-538289.pdf x

Au-Yong, I., Watson, N. F., Boereboom, C. L., Bowling, T. E., Abercrombie, J. F., & Whitaker, S. C. (2010). Endovascular treatment of a superior mesenteric artery syndrome variant secondary to traumatic pseudoaneurysm. World Journal of Emergency Surgery : WJES, 5(1), 7-7. doi:10.1186/1749-7922-5-7 

            Notes: Case report of a 40-year-old man who developed a pseudoaneurism after a car accident which compressed the duodenum to the point of SMAS. Surgical treatment of the pseudoaneurism with a stent led to immediate resolution of symptoms. Link: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2843665/pdf/1749-7922-5-7.pdf

Okuyama, Y., Kawakami, T., Ito, H., Otsuka, H., Enoki, Y., Nishimura, M., . . . Fujimoto, S. (2011). A case of ischemic duodenitis associated with superior mesenteric artery syndrome caused by an abdominal aortic aneurysm. Case Reports in Gastroenterology, 5(2), 278-282. doi:10.1159/000328442 

            Notes: Case report of a 74-year-old woman with a history of diabetes and chronic renal failure diagnosed with ischemic duodenitis secondary to SMA Syndrome which in turn was caused by an aortic aneurism. Treatment with bowel rest, TPN, and a PPI led to improvement on the ischemic duodenitis. Link: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3153340/pdf/crg0005-0278.pdf

Shah, D., Naware, S., Thind, S., & Kuber, R. (2013). Superior mesenteric artery syndrome: An uncommon cause of abdominal pain mimicking gastric outlet obstruction. Annals of Medical and Health Sciences Research, 3(Suppl 1), S24. 

            Notes: Case report of a 42-year-old female diagnosed with SMAS and treated successfully with surgery (loop duodenojejunostomy). Link: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3853600/?report=classic

Singal, R., Sahu, P. K., Goel, M., Gupta, S., Gupta, R., Gupta, A., . . . Goyal, S. L. (2010). Superior mesenteric artery syndrome: A case report. North American Journal of Medical Sciences, 2(8), 392-394. doi:10.4297/najms.2010.2392  

            Notes: Case report of a 22-year-old man diagnosed with SMAS. Surgical treatment (retrocolic duodenojejunostomy) was successful. Link: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3339065/?report=classic

Fukada, T., Mukai, H., Shimamura, F., Furukawa, T., & Miyazaki, M. (2010; 2009). A causal relationship between right paraduodenal hernia and superior mesenteric artery syndrome: A case report. Journal of Medical Case Reports, 4(1), 159-159. doi:10.1186/1752-1947-4-159 
Notes: Case report of a 46-year-old man diagnosed with SMAS following surgery for hernia repair. After conservative treatment failed, surgical treatment (duodenojejunostomy) was successful. Link: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2896375/pdf/1752-1947-4-159.pdf x

Meneghini, L. F., Hogan, A. R., & Selvaggi, G. (2008). Superior mesenteric artery syndrome in type 1 diabetes masquerading as gastroparesis. Diabetes Care, 31(10), 1983-1984. doi:10.2337/dc08-0544 

            Notes: Case report of an 18-year-old woman with a history of type 1 diabetes diagnosed with SMAS. Surgical treatment was successful (duodenojejunostomy plus division of the ligament of treitz). Link: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2551639/pdf/1983.pdf x

Kim, H. R., Park, M. W., Lee, S. S., Shin, M. J., Park, J. H., Yang, C. W., . . . Bang, B. K. (2002). Superior mesenteric artery syndrome due to an aortic aneurysm in a renal transplant recipient. Journal of Korean Medical Science, 17(4), 552. 

            Notes: Case report of a 52-year-old woman hospitalized for broken ribs and placed on supine bed rest diagnosed with SMAS caused by an aortic aneurism secondary to renal transplant. Surgical correction of the aneurism led to resolution of symptoms. Link: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3054917/pdf/12172055.pdf

Okugawa, Y., Inoue, M., Uchida, K., Kawamoto, A., Koike, Y., Yasuda, H., . . . Kusunoki, M. (2007). Superior mesenteric artery syndrome in an infant: Case report and literature review. Journal of Pediatric Surgery, 42(10), e5-e8. doi:10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2007.07.002  

            Notes: Case report of a 7-month-old girl diagnosed with SMAS following resolution of gastroenteritis. Surgical treatment (duodenojejunostomy) was successful. Includes chart with details of SMAS in five infants. Link: http://www.jpedsurg.org/article/S0022-3468(07)00484-8/abstract x

Crowther, M. A. A., Webb, P. J., & Eyre-Brook, I. A. (2002). Superior mesenteric artery syndrome following surgery for scoliosis. Spine, 27(24), E528-E533. doi:10.1097/00007632-200212150-00023 

            Notes: Case report of three patients diagnosed with SMAS after surgery for scoliosis. Two were treated successfully with conservative treatment, and one required surgery (strong's procedure, I think). Link:

Ohry, A., Zeilig, G., & Shemesh, Y. (1988). Acute intermittent arteriomesenteric occlusion of the duodenum after use of harrington's spinal instrumentation: Case report. Paraplegia, 26(5), 350. Notes: Case report of a 27-year-old man diagnosed with SMAS after surgical treatment of a spinal injury using Harrington rods. Conservative treatment was successful. Link: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3205574

Ylinen, P., Kinnunen, J., & Hockerstedt, K. (1989). Superior mesenteric artery syndrome: A follow-up study of 16 operated patients. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology, 11(4), 386-391. doi:10.1097/00004836-198908000-00007 Notes: An early study following up on 16 SMAS patients treated previously with duodenojejunostomy. Only one had complete remission of symptoms. They found that the long-term results were excellent in three patients, good in six, satisfactory in five, and poor in two. Includes description of diagnostic procedures and emphasizes importance of initial conservative treatment. Link: http://www.researchgate.net/publication/20396671_Superior_mesenteric_artery_syndrome._A_follow-up_study_of_16_operated_patients x

Verhoef, P. A., & Rampal, A. (2008; 2009). Unique challenges for appropriate management of a 16-year-old girl with superior mesenteric artery syndrome as a result of anorexia nervosa: A case report. Journal of Medical Case Reports, 3(1), 127-127. doi:10.1186/1752-1947-3-127 

            Notes: Case report of a 16-year-old girl diagnosed with SMAS caused by weight loss due to anorexia nervosa. With a combination of conservative treatment for the SMAS and psychotherapy for the eating disorder, she was able to gain weight and return to a normal diet. Link: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2783065/pdf/1752-1947-3-127.pdf

Beltrán, O. D. G., Martínez, A. V., Manrique, M. D. C. P., Rodríguez, J. S., Febres, E. L., & Peña, S. R. (2011). Superior mesenteric artery syndrome in a patient with charcot marie tooth disease. World Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery, 3(12), 197-200. doi:10.4240/wjgs.v3.i12.197 Notes: Case report of a 21-year-old man with charcot marie tooth disease diagnosed with SMAS. After conservative treatment failed, he was treated surgically (side-to-side transmesocolic duodenojejunostomy). Link: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3251743/pdf/WJGS-3-197.pdf

Pal, A., & Cameron, A. E. P. (2009). Superior mesenteric artery syndrome in association with an abdominal aortic aneurysm. Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England, 91(7), W6-W7. doi:10.1308/147870809X450575 

            Notes: Case report of a 65-year-old man diagnosed with duodenal obstruction caused by an abdominal aortic aneurism. Surgical treatment of the aneurism led to resolution of symptoms. Link: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2966168/pdf/rcse9107-598c.pdf

Bedaiwi, M., Alkubeyyer, M., & Arfaj, A. A. (2014). Superior mesenteric artery syndrome and intra-abdominal compartment syndrome in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus, 23(2), 194-196. doi:10.1177/0961203313517150 
Notes: Case report of a 31-year-old woman diagnosed with lupus and SMAS. Conservative treatment of the SMAS led to improvement of symptoms and normalization of kidney function. Link: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24335010

Ushiki, A., Koizumi, T., Yamamoto, H., Hanaoka, M., Kubo, K., & Matsushita, M. (2012; 2011). Superior mesenteric artery syndrome following initiation of cisplatin-containing chemotherapy: A case report. Journal of Medical Case Reports, 6(1), 14-14. doi:10.1186/1752-1947-6-14 

            Notes: Case report of a 61-year-old man who, during chemotherapy, developed SMAS as a result of weight loss from chemotherapy. Conservative treatment of the SMAS led to resolution of symptoms, which did not recur during the next round of chemo. Link: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3275446/pdf/1752-1947-6-14.pdf

Ahmed, A. R., & Taylor, I. (1997). Superior mesenteric artery syndrome. Postgraduate Medical Journal, 73(866), 776-778. doi:10.1136/pgmj.73.866.776 

            Notes: Review of literature describing SMAS and its etiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment. Link: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2431524/pdf/postmedj00156-0010.pdf

Yakan, S., Calıskan, C., Kaplan, H., Deneclı, A. G., & Coker, A. (2013). Superior mesenteric artery syndrome: A rare cause of intestinal obstruction. diagnosis and surgical management. Indian Journal of Surgery, 75(2), 106-110. doi:10.1007/s12262-012-0423-x 

            Notes: Review of 6 cases of SMAS treated surgically. All had initially failed conservative treatment, and all surgeries were successful. Link: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3644149/pdf/12262_2012_Article_423.pdf x-x

Siddiqui, M. N., Ahmad, T., & Jaffary, A. (1996). Retroperitoneal fungal abscess presenting as superior mesenteric artery syndrome. Postgraduate Medical Journal, 72(849), 433-434. doi:10.1136/pgmj.72.849.433 

            Notes: Case report of a 35-year-old man diagnosed with SMAS caused by a retroperitoneal fungal abscess. Treatment of the abscess led to resolution of the symptoms. Link: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2398512/pdf/postmedj00019-0051.pdf

Wu, M., Wu, I., Wu, J., Wu, D., & Wang, W. (2009). Superior mesenteric artery syndrome in a diabetic patient with acute weight loss. World Journal of Gastroenterology : WJG, 15(47), 6004-6006. doi:10.3748/wjg.15.6004 

            Notes: Case report of a 41-year-old man with type 2 diabetes diagnosed with SMAS. Conservative treatment was successful, and involved gastric decompression, TPN, and an insulin pump. Link: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2795190/pdf/WJG-15-6004.pdf

Kothari, T. H., Machnicki, S., & Kurtz, L. (2011). Superior mesenteric artery syndrome. Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology = Journal Canadien De Gastroenterologie, 25(11), 599-600. Notes: Case report of a 24-year-old woman diagnosed with SMAS. Includes brief description of SMAS. Link: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3222767/pdf/cjg25599.pdf

Palanivelu, C., Rangarajan, M., Senthilkumar, R., Parthasarathi, R., & Jani, K. (2006). Laparoscopic duodenojejunostomy for superior mesenteric artery syndrome. JSLS : Journal of the Society of Laparoendoscopic Surgeons / Society of Laparoendoscopic Surgeons, 10(4), 531-534. Notes: Case report of a 14-year-old boy diagnosed with SMAS treated successfully with duodenojejunostomy. Includes surgical procedures. Link: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3015768/ x-x

Bermas, H., & Fenoglio, M. E. (2003). Laparoscopic management of superior mesenteric artery syndrome. JSLS, Journal of the Society of Laparoendoscopic Surgeons, 7(2), 151-153. 

            Notes: Case report of two patients, males age 23 and 34. Both were treated successfully with a duodenojejunostomy. Link: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3015491/pdf/jsls-7-2-151.pdf x

Agrawal, S., Nagraj, S., & Chaube, R. (2010). Renal tubular acidosis and superior mesenteric artery syndrome. BMJ Case Reports, 2010(jul09 1), bcr0420091792-bcr0420091792. doi:10.1136/bcr.04.2009.1792 

            Notes: Case report of a 12-year-old girl diagnosed with possible SMAS and renal tubular acidosis (RTA). She was treated with IV electrolyte replacement and hers symptoms improved. Link: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3034204/pdf/bcr.04.2009.1792.pdf

Kingham, T. P., Shen, R., & Ren, C. (2004). Laparoscopic treatment of superior mesenteric artery syndrome. JSLS : Journal of the Society of Laparoendoscopic Surgeons / Society of Laparoendoscopic Surgeons, 8(4), 376-379. 

            Notes: Case report of a 21-year-old female with a history of eating disorders diagnosed with SMAS. A duodenojejunostomy was successful. Link: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3016826/pdf/jsls-8-4-376.pdf x

Clapp, B., & Applebaum, B. (2010). Superior mesenteric artery syndrome after roux-en-y gastric bypass. JSLS : Journal of the Society of Laparoendoscopic Surgeons / Society of Laparoendoscopic Surgeons, 14(1), 143-146. doi:10.4293/108680810X12674612765542 Notes: Case report of three patients diagnosed with SMAS following roux-en-y gastric bypass. All had experienced extreme weight loss, and all cases were resolved through surgery. Link: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3021290/pdf/jsls-14-1-143.pdf

Wei-Liang Yang Xin-Chen Zhang. (2008). Assessment of duodenal circular drainage in treatment of superior mesenteric artery syndrome. 世界胃肠病学杂志：英文版, 14(2), 303-306. doi:10.3748/wjg.14.303  

            Notes: A retrospective study of 47 SMAS cases who had continued symptoms after surgery for SMAS. All were treated with duodenal circular drainage surgery, and all received relief of reverse peristalsis and relief of symptoms. Link: http://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/14/303.pdf x

Wilkie, D. P. D. (1921). Chronic duodenal ileus. The British Medical Journal, 2(3176), 793-795.  Notes: Description of SMAS including symptomology, physical examination, complications, and treatment, with case reports of multiple operations, including 21 duodenojejunostomies.  x

Guthrie, J.,R H. (1971). Wilkie's syndrome. Annals of Surgery, 173(2), 290-293. doi:10.1097/00000658-197102000-00017  

            Notes:  Case studies of two patients treated for SMAS with surgery.  Includes theorization about precipitating factors. Link: http://journals.lww.com/annalsofsurgery/Citation/1971/02000/Wilkie_s_Syndrome_.17.aspx x

Burrington, J. D., & Wayne, E. R. (1974). Obstruction of the duodenum by the superior mesenteric artery — does it exist in children? Journal of Pediatric Surgery, 9(5), 733-741. doi:10.1016/0022-3468(74)90112-2  

            Notes: Report of 20 cases of SMAS in children.  5 were treated successfully with conservative treatment (one of whom later died of cancer) and 14 of whom underwent surgical treatment (one of whom had some ongoing symptoms).  Includes descriptions of diagnostic findings and anatomic structures observed in surgery. Link: http://www.jpedsurg.org/article/0022-3468(74)90112-2/abstract

Anderson, J. R., Earnshaw, P. M., & Fraser, G. M. (1982). Extrinsic compression of the third part of the duodenum. Clinical Radiology, 33(1), 75-81. doi:10.1016/S0009-9260(82)80358-9 

            Notes: Study of 12 patients with radiological findings of SMAS. Prevalence of SMAS among patients referred for upper GI imaging (about 6000 total) was .2%. Includes clinical features, associated conditions, treatment and progress. Link: http://www.clinicalradiologyonline.net/article/S0009-9260(82)80358-9/abstract

Jones, P. A., & Wastell, C. (1983). Superior mesenteric artery syndrome. Postgraduate Medical Journal, 59(692), 376-379. doi:10.1136/pgmj.59.692.376  

            Notes: Case report of a 16-year-old male diagnosed with SMAS.  Duodenojejunostomy was successful. Link: http://pmj.bmj.com/content/59/692/376.full.pdf+html x

Cohen, L. B., Field, S. P., & Sachar, D. B. (1985). The superior mesenteric artery syndrome. the disease that isn't, or is it? Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology, 7(2), 113-116. doi:10.1097/00004836-198504000-00002  
Notes:  Case report of a 16-year-old girl diagnosed with SMAS after a long history of illness.  After conservative treatment failed, she was treated successfully with surgery (Strong's procedure). Link: http://www.readcube.com/articles/10.1097/00004836-198504000-00002

Ortiz, C., Cleveland, R. H., Blickman, J. G., Jaramillo, D., & Kim, S. H. (1990). Familial superior mesenteric artery syndrome. Pediatric Radiology, 20(8), 588-589. doi:10.1007/BF02129061  Notes: Case report of a family of eight, five of whom probably had SMAS.  Four daughters were diagnosed with SMAS and the father, who had similar symptoms, was deceased at the time of this report.  Three of the daughters successfully underwent conservative treatment; only one required surgery (duodenotomy with division of the ligament of treitz). Link: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF02129061

Gersin, K. S., & Heniford, B. T. (1998). Laparoscopic duodenojejunostomy for treatment of superior mesenteric artery syndrome. JSLS : Journal of the Society of Laparoendoscopic Surgeons / Society of Laparoendoscopic Surgeons, 2(3), 281-284.
            Notes: Case report of the first known laparoscopic duodenojejunostomy. The 24-year-old female patient recovered successfully. Link: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3015298/ x

Vitale, M. (1999). Superior Mesenteric Artery Syndrome After Segmental Instrumentation: A Biochemical Analysis. The American Journal of Orthopedics, 28(8), 461-467.  

            Notes:  Case report of the first known diagnosis of SMAS following scoliosis surgery using a segmental derotational instrumentation system, which is believed to have a lower incidence rate of SMAS than older methods of scoliosis correction.  Patient was successfully treated conservatively.  Includes a brief review of literature, including mention of other cases of SMAS following scoliosis surgery found in literature. 

Ravindra, K. V., Rajasekhar, P., Rozario, A. P., Pais, A. V., & Thomas, P. G. (1999). Superior mesenteric artery syndrome following ileo-anal pouch procedure. Indian Journal of Gastroenterology : Official Journal of the Indian Society of Gastroenterology, 18(1), 35. Notes: Case study of a patient diagnosed with SMAS after J-pouch surgery to treat ulcerative colitis.  Patient was successfully treated surgically (anterior transposition of the duodenum). Link: http://scholar.qsensei.com/content/ycvgh

Loeb, T., Loubert, G., Morsly, R., Gabillet, J. M., & Pasteyer, J. (1999). Superior mesenteric artery syndrome. Annales Françaises d'Anesthèsie Et De Rèanimation, 18(9), 1000.  

            Notes: Case study of four patients, ages ranging from 14-24, both male and female, who developed SMAS after spinal surgery. Describes clinical findings and treatments with feeding tubes. Article is in French. Link: http://www.researchgate.net/publication/246133622_Syndrome_de_l%27artre_msentrique_suprieure

Komai, H., Naito, Y., & Fujiwara, K. (1999). Superior mesenteric artery syndrome as a result of enlarged abdominal aortic aneurysm. Journal of Vascular Surgery, 29(6), 1162-1163. doi:10.1016/S0741-5214(99)70255-7  

            Notes: Case report of a 71-year-old man diagnosed with SMAS in association with an abdominal aortic aneurism and an adhesion. He was treated successfully with surgery. Lnk: http://www.jvascsurg.org/article/S0741-5214(99)70255-7/fulltext

Wilkinson, R., & Huang, C. (2000). Superior mesenteric artery syndrome in traumatic paraplegia: A case report and literature review. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 81(7), 991-994. doi:10.1053/apmr.2000.3867 

            Notes: Case study of a patient diagnosed with SMAS after traumatic paraplegia.  Conservative treatment was successful. Link: http://www.archives-pmr.org/article/S0003-9993(00)05771-3/fulltext

Lima, H. S., Maia, A. M., & Antonio Kneipp Pitta de Castro Neto. (2000). Síndrome da artéria mesentérica superior superior mesenteric artery syndrome. Revista do Colégio Brasileiro De Cirurgiões, 27(2), 128-130.  

            Notes:  Case study of an 83-year-old female diagnosed with SMAS, who was treated surgically (duodenojejunostomy) after conservative treatment failed.  She was deceased 20 days post-op due to cardiac complications. Article is in Portuguese. Link: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-69912000000200012 x

LaBan, M. M. (2000). Superior mesenteric artery syndrome in traumatic paraplegia. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 81(10), 1442-1442. doi:10.1053/apmr.2000.19889  Notes: Letter commenting on increased awareness of SMAS in spinal cord injury patients. Link: http://www.archives-pmr.org/article/S0003-9993(00)70061-X/fulltext

Hussain, H., Vlodov, J., & Tenner, S. (2000). Rapid weight loss causing the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) syndrome in a patient with chronic diarrhea. The American Journal of Gastroenterology, 95(9), 2579-2579. doi:10.1016/S0002-9270(00)01730-5 

            Notes: Case study of a 24-year-old male diagnosed with SMAS who had a history of chronic diarrhea. Stomach and Duodenum were markedly dilated. He was treated successfully with surgery (duodenojejunostomy). x

Hoffman, R. J., & Arpadi, S. M. (2000). A pediatric AIDS patient with superior mesenteric artery syndrome. AIDS Patient Care and STDs, 14(1), 3.  

            Notes:  A case study of a child with AIDS diagnosed with SMAS after weight loss.  Conservative treatment was successful. Link: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12240880

Ghosh, A., Chatterjee, P., & Chatterjee, B. (2000). Superior mesenteric artery syndrome causing acute intestinal obstruction. The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India, 48(8), 847.  Notes:  Case report of a 25-year-old male diagnosed with SMAS.  Symptoms were not relieved by posture change and conservative treatment failed, however surgery (duodenojejunostomy) was successful. x

BALTAZAR, U., DUNN, J., FLORESGUERRA, C., SCHMIDT, L., & BROWDER, W. (2000). Superior mesenteric artery syndrome: An uncommon cause of intestinal obstruction. Southern Medical Journal, 93(6), 606-608. doi:10.1097/00007611-200093060-00014  

            Notes: Case report of a 55-year-old woman diagnosed with SMAS with no precipitating weight loss.  Treatment with surgery (duodenojejunostomy) was successful. Link: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10881780 x-

Watanabe, T. (2011). Superior mesenteric artery syndrome and acute pancreatitis in a boy with eating disorder: A case report. Open Journal of Pediatrics, 1(4), 94-97. doi:10.4236/ojped.2011.14022  

            Notes: Case report of an 11-year-old boy with a history of Anorexia Nervosa and Kawasaki Syndrome diagnosed with SMAS and acute pancreatitis. Gastric decompression immediately relieved symptoms. Link: http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=16388#.VCYFIvldX0U

Ogunmola, N. A., Kay, M., Hupertz, V., Wyllie, R., & Petras, R. (2001). Familial hollow visceral myopathy in a pediatric patient presenting as SMA syndrome. The American Journal of Gastroenterology, 96(9), S228-S229. doi:10.1016/S0002-9270(01)03507-9  

            Notes: Case report of a 17-year-old boy diagnosed with SMAS who was subsequently found, after a biopsy, to have instead pseudo-obstruction caused by visceral myopathy. Symptoms were managed by TPN and limited po feeds.

Szajnberg, N. (2001). Eating disorder and superior mesenteric artery syndrome. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40(4), 388-389. doi:10.1097/00004583-200104000-00003 

            Notes: A letter to the editor in response to an article on eating disorders and SMAS, cautioning that a careful clinical history can help to distinguish between the two, and getting it wrong can be disastrous.

Richardson, W. S., & Surowiec, W. J. (2001). Laparoscopic repair of superior mesenteric artery syndrome. American Journal of Surgery, 181(4), 377-378. doi:10.1016/S0002-9610(01)00571-2  

            Notes: Describes laparoscopic duodenojejunostomy for SMAS in two patients including surgical procedure, and determines that it is feasible laparoscopically.  Both patients were doing well up to 2 weeks post op. Link: http://www.americanjournalofsurgery.com/article/S0002-9610(01)00571-2/abstract x

Murthi, & Raine. (2001). Superior Mesenteric Artery Syndrome in Children. Scottish Medical Journal, 5(46), 153-154.  

            Notes:  Report of four cases of SMAS.  In case 1, an 8-year-old boy was diagnosed with SMAS after weight loss and underwent conservative treatment successfully.  In case 2, a 5-year-old boy was diagnosed with SMAS with long-term history of problems, and was treated successfully with surgery.  Case 3 was a 12-year-old boy diagnosed with SMAS after scoliosis surgery, who was successfully treated with surgery, and case 4 was an 8-year-old boy diagnosed with SMAS after surgery for appendicitis, who was treated with surgery but continued to have symptoms. Link: http://scm.sagepub.com/content/46/5/153.abstract

Jordaan, G. P., Muller, A., Greeff, M., & Stein, D. J. (2000). Eating disorder and superior mesenteric artery syndrome. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39(10), 1211. doi:10.1097/00004583-200010000-00005  

            Notes: Case report of an adolescent girl treated for SMAS with surgery.  She later presented with similar symptoms in addition to emotional symptoms and was diagnosed with an eating disorder caused by the SMAS.

Iwaoka, Y., Yamada, M., Takehira, Y., Hanajima, K., Nakamura, T., Murohisa, G., . . . Kitagawa, M. (2001). Superior mesenteric artery syndrome in identical twin brothers. Internal Medicine (Tokyo, Japan), 40(8), 713.  

            Notes: Case report of identical twin brothers both diagnosed with SMAS a year apart from each other.  After conservative treatment failed, both were treated successfully with surgery (duodenojejunostomy). Link: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11518108 x-

Essadel, A., Benamr, S., Taghy, A., Lahlou, M. K., Mohammadine, E., Chad, B., & Belmahi, A. (2001). A rare complication of ileal pouch anal anastomosis: Superior mesenteric artery syndrome. Annales De Chirurgie, 126(6), 565.  

            Notes: Case study of a 26-year-old patient diagnosed with SMAS following j-pouch surgery.  Conservative treatment failed, but surgical treatment (gastrojejunostomy) was successful.  Article is in French. Link: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003394401005521

Diwakaran, H., Stolar, C., & Prather, C. (2001). Superior mesenteric artery syndrome.Gastroenterology, (121), 516, 746. 

            Notes: Case study of a 17-year-old patient diagnosed with SMAS; describes symptoms, clinical findings, and diagnosis.

Chehab, F., Hajji, I., Haimoud, N., Lakhloufi, A., Khaiz, D., & Bouzidi, A. (2001). Superior mesenteric artery syndrome in adults. Annales De Chirurgie, 126(8), 808. 

            Notes: Case study of a 24-year-old patient diagnosed with SMAS and treated successfully with surgery (gastrojejunostomy and vagotomy).  Discusses possible precipitating factors for SMAS and treatment options with their success rates. Article is in French. Link: http://phdtree.org/pdf/14014071-superior-mesenteric-artery-syndrome-in-adults/

Azami, Y. (2001). Diabetes mellitus associated with superior mesenteric artery syndrome: Report of two cases. Internal Medicine (Tokyo, Japan), 40(8), 736. 
Notes: Case report of two patients with diabetes mellitus who were also diagnosed with SMAS.  Case 1 was also diagnosed with an eating disorder, and refused conservative treatment. Case 2 was successfully treated with conservative treatment. Link: https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/internalmedicine1992/40/8/40_8_736/_pdf

Lippl, F., Hannig, C., Weiss, W., Allescher, H., Classen, M., & Kurjak, M. (2002). Superior mesenteric artery syndrome: Diagnosis and treatment from the gastroenterologist's view. Journal of Gastroenterology, 37(8), 640-643. doi:10.1007/s005350200101  

            Notes: Case reports of a 20-year-old man with a long history of illness and a 31-year-old man undergoing cancer treatment, both diagnosed with SMAS.  Both underwent conservative treatment and attained relief from symptoms.  Patient 2 however later died from his cancer. Link: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs005350200101#page-1

Laffont, I., Bensmail, D., Rech, C., Prigent, G., Loubert, G., & Dizien, O. (2002). Late superior mesenteric artery syndrome in paraplegia: Case report and review. Spinal Cord, 40(2), 88-91. doi:10.1038/sj.sc.3101255  

            Notes: case report of a 54-year-old man who was diagnosed with SMAS three months after becoming paraplegic.  Conservative treatment was successful.  Discusses similar cases, possible precipitating factors, and treatment options. Link: http://www.researchgate.net/publication/11439752_Late_superior_mesenteric_artery_syndrome_in_paraplegia_case_report_and_review