Li, J., Chousleb, E., Hidalgo, J., Patel, S., Szomstein, S., & Rosenthal, R. J. (2011). Laparoscopic roux-en-Y duodenojejunal bypass for superior mesenteric artery syndrome: Case reports and review of the literature. Surgical Laparoscopy, Endoscopy & Percutaneous Techniques, 21(6), e344. 

            Notes: Report of three cases, one a 17-year-old female, one a 23-year-old male with history of appendectomy, and one a 50-year-old female with history of hysterectomy, cervical vertebral fusion, and cholecystectomy. All three were treated with a laparoscopic roux-en-y duodenojejunostomy. Case one reported intermittent vomiting during the first three months post op, but symptom free up to 2 years post op. Case 2 had delayed recovery but was symptom free for 6 months, and case three recovered uneventfully. Includes surgical procedures. Link: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22146189

Altiok, H., Lubicky, J. P., DeWald, C. J., & Herman, J. E. (2005). The superior mesenteric artery syndrome in patients with spinal deformity. Spine, 30(19), 2164. 

            Notes: A retrospective review of 2939 patients who underwent scoliosis surgery to determine incidence of SMAS. 17 patients were diagnosed with SMAS post-op, an incidence rate of .5%. Includes curve type, diagnoses, surgical procedures, instrumentation, documentation of SMA[S], degree of correction, weight and height percentiles, weight loss, and more. It is determined SMAS can still occur with newer instrumentation, and both low BMI and perioperative weight loss are considered factors. Link: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16205341

Alnabulsi, B. K., Miro, J. T., Faidah, O. H., & Hamo, M. A. (2011). Laparoscopic duodenojejunostomy omega loop with braun anastomosis as a treatment for superior mesenteric artery syndrome. Saudi Medical Journal, 32(2), 188. 

            Notes: Case report of a 24-year-old woman with abdominal pain, heartburn, vomiting and weight loss treated for pancreatitis and H. Pylori infection. When symptoms recurred, SMAS was diagnosed after further testing. A duodenojejunostomy omega loop with Braun anastomosis was performed, which led to relief of symptoms and weight gain at 4 months post op. Link: http://www.unboundmedicine.com/medline/citation/21301768/Laparoscopic_duodenojejunostomy_omega_loop_with_braun_anastomosis_as_a_treatment_for_superior_mesenteric_artery_syndrome_

Javaid, Mustafawi, & Ahmad. (2009). The Superior Mesenteric Artery Syndrome (SMAS): Is it really a diagnostic dilemma? Annals of Pediatric Surgery, 5(3), 205-209. 

            Notes: Case report of 3 children diagnosed with SMAS. Case 1, 7-year old female with post-prandial pain, vomiting, loss of appetite & weight. Medical management failed after 3 weeks, at which time a duodenojejunostomy was performed, which was successful at 1 month follow-up. Case 2, a 12-year-old girl with pain, vomiting & weight loss with a history of scoliosis surgery 1 month prior underwent successful medical treatment starting with TPN and leading to high-calorie meals with positioning. Case 3 was a 10-year-old boy with pain and frequent vomiting treated successfully with medical management. Relapse after 1 month was also successfully treated medically. Link: http://www.aps.eg.net/back_issue/vol5/issue3_july2009/pdf/10-The%20Superior%20Mesenteric%20Artery%20Syndrome.pdf

Alhadi, A. N., & Shuqdar, R. M. (2008). Anorexia nervosa versus superior mesenteric artery syndrome in a young woman: Case report and literature review. Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences, 3(1), 55-60. doi:10.1016/S1658-3612(08)70044-1 

            Notes: Case report of a 35-year-old woman with 12-year history of post-prandial bloating, epigastric pain, nausea, vomiting, and weight loss. Psychiatric evaluation led to diagnosis of eating disorder and depression. After 3 months, gastrojejunostomy was performed, which was not successful, possibly due to continued eating disorder. Patient was lost to follow up. Link: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1658361208700441

Akin, J.,J T., Gray, S. W., & Skandalakis, J. E. (1976). Vascular compression of the duodenum: Presentation of ten cases and review of the literature. Surgery, 79(5), 515. 

            Notes: Review of ten cases of patients diagnosed with SMAS, 9 female 1 male. One patient was deceased within 24 hours of admission. In eight patients, sypmtoms were completely relieved after surgery (two duodenojejunostomy with division of the ligament of treitz, 7 division of the ligament of treitz). One patient was only partially relieved due to “unwillingness to eat a normal diet.” Also includes review of literature of 94 cases since 1962 (until 1976 when the study was written), with data on age and sex, symptoms, causes and predispositions, diagnosis, and treatment, determining an 82% success rate for the duodenojejunostomy based on literature. Link: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1265660

Fromm, S., & Cash, J. M. (1990). Superior mesenteric artery syndrome: An approach to the diagnosis and management of upper gastrointestinal obstruction of unclear etiology. South Dakota Journal of Medicine, 43(11), 5. 

            Notes: Case report of a 23-year-old man diagnosed with SMAS. Conservative treatment was successful. Includes descriptions of other types of intestinal obstruction and description of pseudo-obstruction. Link: http://www.publicpriorart.org/xml/20/1/1/2286/36708/20.1.1.2286.36708.xml

Kandil, E., Alabbas, H., Harbin, A. C., & Neitzschman, H. R. (2009). Superior mesenteric artery syndrome. The Journal of the Louisiana State Medical Society : Official Organ of the Louisiana State Medical Society, 161(5), 285. 

            Notes: Case report of  a 52-year-old man diagnosed with SMAS. A ruptured duodenum was repaired, and a duodenojejunostomy was successful. Link: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19927943 x

Dash, N. (2011). An unusual cause of superior mesenteric artery syndrome in a young boy. Medical Journal Armed Forces India, 67(1), 92-92. doi:10.1016/S0377-1237(11)80032-8 

            Notes: Case report of 14-year-old boy diagnosed with SMAS. Duodenojejunostomy was successful with 6 month follow up. Anatomic anomalies of the caecum and ascending colon are said to be the cause of the narrowed SMA angle. Link: http://www.mjafi.net/article/S0377-1237(11)80032-8/pdf x

Ha, C. D., Alvear, D. T., & Leber, D. C. (2008). Duodenal derotation as an effective treatment of superior mesenteric artery syndrome: A thirty-three year experience. The American Surgeon, 74(7), 644. 

            Notes: Study of 16 patients diagnosed with SMAS and treated with duodenal derotation. Cases were in two groups, reviewed retrospectively and prospectively. All patients underwent duodenal derotation, which was successful in all patients except for one, who underwent a subsequent gastrojejunostomy. Includes description of surgical procedures. Link: http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/sesc/tas/2008/00000074/00000007/art00012?token=005112dd4967232d45232b6d243f384d2c4766523e6b3568293c62207d673f582f6ba9c56b51f7d9b

Kim, I. Y., Cho, N. C., Kim, D. S., & Rhoe, B. S. (2003). Laparoscopic duodenojejunostomy for management of superior mesenteric artery syndrome: Two cases report and a review of the literature. Yonsei Medical Journal, 44(3), 526. doi:10.3349/ymj.2003.44.3.526 

            Notes: Report of two cases, one a 27-year-old man, one a 36-year-old woman, both diagnosed with SMAS and treated with a duodenojejunostomy. Both surgeries were considered successful at 1 year post op. Includes surgical procedures. Link: http://www.researchgate.net/publication/10684011_Laparoscopic_duodenojejunostomy_for_management_of_superior_mesenteric_artery_syndrome_two_cases_report_and_a_review_of_the_literature x

França Neto, P. R., Paiva, R. d. A., Lacerda Filho, A., Queiroz, F. L. d., & Noronha, T. (2011). Superior mesenteric artery compression syndrome - case report. Journal of Coloproctology (Rio De Janeiro), 31(4), 401-404. doi:10.1590/S2237-93632011000400015 

            Notes:  Case report of a 40-year-old woman diagnosed with cancer. After surgery to remove cancer, vomiting persisted, and SMAS was diagnosed. Conservative treatment was successful. Link: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S2237-93632011000400015&script=sci_arttext

NERI, S., SIGNORELLI, S. S., MONDATI, E., PULVIRENTI, D., CAMPANILE, E., DI PINO, L., . . . SCUDERI, R. (2005). Ultrasound imaging in diagnosis of superior mesenteric artery syndrome: DIAGNOSIS OF SMA SYNDROME. Journal of Internal Medicine, 257(4), 346-351. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2796.2005.01456.x 

            Notes: 950 patients with varying degrees of dyspepsia or abdominal pain were screened for SMAS with ultrasound. Reduced angle was demonstrated in 29 patients, which was confirmed by CT for all of them. 34.5% of these patients had symptom onset following weight loss. Link: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2796.2005.01456.x/full

WU Qing-hua WANG Ming-liang ZANG Lu ZHANG Tao ZHENG Min-hua. (2010). Laparoscopic lysis of duodenum for superior mesenteric artery syndrome： how and why we do it. 中华医学杂志：英文版, 123(15), 2148-2150. 

            Notes: Case report of a 17-year-old girl diagnosed with SMAS with a 3-year history of illness. After conservative treatment failed, lysis of the duodenum was performed successfully as of 1 year follow up. Lysis of the distal duodenum does not involve an anastomosis but is differentiated from the Strong’s procedure. Includes surgical procedures. Link: http://www.ecmj.org.cn/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?file_no=20108353648260&flag=1

Pivawer, G., Haller, J. O., Rabinowitz, S. S., & Zimmerman, D. L. (2004). Superior mesenteric artery syndrome and its ramifications. CMIG Extra: CASES, 28(1), 8-10. doi:10.1016/j.compmedimag.2003.09.006 

            Notes: Case report of a 13-year-old boy diagnosed with SMAS following weight loss. Conservative treatment was successful. Includes descriptions and diagnostic criteria for SMAS and Nutcracker syndrome. Link: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1572349603000052

Veysi, V. T., Humphrey, G., & Stringer, M. D. (1997). Superior mesenteric artery syndrome presenting with acute massive gastric dilatation. Journal of Pediatric Surgery, 32(12), 1801-1803. doi:10.1016/S0022-3468(97)90541-8 

            Notes: Case report of a 14-year-old girl with history of developmental delay and mild motor impairment presenting with acute massive gastric dilation. A gastrostomy was performed, but symptoms persisted, and SMAS was diagnosed. Duodenal derotation led to relief of symptoms, however a jejunal feeding tube remained, which, after being displaced led to a fatal complication. Link: http://www.jpedsurg.org/article/S0022-3468(97)90541-8/abstract

Wilson-Storey, D., & MacKinlay, G. A. (1986). The superior mesenteric artery syndrome. Journal of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh, 31(3), 175. 

            Notes: Reports of 4 cases of patients diagnosed with SMAS. Case 1 is an 8-year-old boy with recent history of vascular surgery found to have malrotation and a “kink” at the SMA artery. Mobilization and derotation of the duodenum was successful. Case 2 is a 12-year-old girl diagnosed with SMAS following rapid increase in height without weight gain. Conservative treatment was initially successful, but after a re-occurrence 3 months later, a Strong’s procedure was successful. Case 3 is an 11-year-old boy diagnosed with SMAS after losing weight while in a hip spica for a hip fracture. Conservative treatment with positioning combined with cutting back the cast led to remission of symptoms. Case 4 is a 9-year-old boy with scoliosis who wore a brace diagnosed with SMAS. A Strong’s procedure was successful. Includes diagrams  Link: http://www.jpedsurg.org/article/S0022-3468%2887%2980672-3/abstract

Gustafsson, L., Falk, A., Lukes, P. J., & Gamklou, R. (1984). Diagnosis and treatment of superior mesenteric artery syndrome. The British Journal of Surgery, 71(7), 499. 

            Notes: Report of 10 cases of patients diagnosed with SMAS and treated surgically. Two patients had history of a Bilroth 1 gastrectomy for peptic ulcer disease. 10 of the patients underwent a retrocolic duodenojejunostomy side-to-side, and one patient underwent a roux-en-y gastrojejunostomy. The surgeries were reported to be successful; however, two patients underwent further surgery for removal of adhesions. Link: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6733420

Le Moigne, F., Lamboley, J., Vitry, T., Stoltz, A., Galoo, E., Salamand, P., . . . Farthouat, P. (2010). Superior mesenteric artery syndrome: A rare etiology of upper intestinal obstruction in adults. Gastroentérologie Clinique Et Biologique, 34(6-7), 403. 

            Notes: Case report of a 25-year-old woman diagnosed with SMAS following weight loss with history of a brief psychotic disorder. Conservative treatment was initiated, but when signs of global dehydration and renal failure appeared, a side-by-side duodenojejunostomy was performed. At one month follow-up, she had gained weight and was symptom-free. Link: http://www.em-consulte.com/en/article/260536

Sabbagh, C., Santin, E., Potier, A., & Regimbeau, J. (2012). The superior mesenteric artery syndrome: A rare etiology for proximal obstructive syndrome. Journal of Visceral Surgery, 149(6), 428. 

            Notes: Case report of a 31-year-old man with a history of an inguinal hernia repair diagnosed with SMAS. A side-to-side roux-en-y duodenojejunostomy was performed successfully. Link: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S187878861200104X

Marecek, G. S., Barsness, K. A., & Sarwark, J. F. (2010). Relief of superior mesenteric artery syndrome with correction of multiplanar spinal deformity by posterior spinal fusion. Orthopedics, 33(7), 519. doi:10.3928/01477447-20100526-26 

            Notes: Case report of a 14-year-old boy with history of pervasive developmental disorder (autism spectrum) and scoliosis diagnosed with SMAS. Conservative treatment led to temporary resolution of symptoms with recurrence five months later. He underwent corrective spinal surgery and his SMAS symptoms had begun to improve 1 month post-op and were fully resolved at three months post-op. Article emphasizes importance of recognizing the correlation between scoliosis and SMAS. http://www.healio.com/orthopedics/journals/ortho/2010-7-33-7/%7B8865d102-71f4-4c45-afee-6b29223a6e29%7D/relief-of-superior-mesenteric-artery-syndrome-with-correction-of-multiplanar-spinal-deformity-by-posterior-spinal-fusion

Arbell, D., Gross, E., Koplewitz, B. Z., Vromen, A., Bar-Ziv, J., & Udassin, R. (2006). Superior mesenteric artery syndrome masquerading as recurrent biliary pancreatitis. The Israel Medical Association Journal : IMAJ, 8(6), 441. 

            Notes: Case report of a 16-year-old boy with cerebral palsy and hydrocephalus with a history of gastrostomy for feeding and nissen fundoplication. He presented multiple times with abdominal complaints which resolved either spontaneously or with gastric intubation for drainage, and by the third episode his gallbladder was removed. When the symptoms returned again with elevated amylase he was diagnosed with pancreatitis, but with another episode later, scans were revisited and he was diagnosed with SMAS. Conservative treatment led to three years symptom-free, after which a duodenojejunostomy was performed. Link: http://www.ima.org.il/FilesUpload/IMAJ/0/49/24884.pdf x

Bauer, S., Karplus, R., Belsky, V., & Mha, H. A. (2013). Superior mesenteric artery syndrome: A forgotten entity. The Israel Medical Association Journal : IMAJ, 15(4), 189. 

            Notes: Case report of a 23-year-old woman diagnosed with SMAS. Conservative treatment led to resolution of nausea and vomiting but not pain. This patient was also treated for depression and had a history of migraines. Link: http://www.ima.org.il/IMAJ/ViewArticle.aspx?aId=2220

Payawal, J. H., Cohen, A. J., & Stamos, M. J. (2004). Superior mesenteric artery syndrome involving the duodenum and jejunum. Emergency Radiology, 10(5), 273-275. doi:10.1007/s10140-003-0322-3 

            Notes: Case report of an 82-year-old woman diagnosed with SMAS 6 days post-op for colorectal resection due to cancer. Tests revealed that the jejunum passed under the duodenum causing an obstruction in both places. A feeding tube was placed and the patient was released to skilled nursing, where her symptoms gradually improved. Link: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10140-003-0322-3

Ricca, R. L., Kasten, J., & Javid, P. J. (2012). Superior mesenteric artery syndrome after minimally invasive correction of pectus excavatum: Impact of post-operative weight loss. Journal of Pediatric Surgery, 47(11), 2137. 

            Notes: Case report of a 14-year-old boy with pectus excavitum and mild scoliosis diagnosed with SMAS following surgery to repair the pectus excavitum. Conservative treatment led to weight gain and remission of symptoms. Link: http://www.jpedsurg.org/article/S0022-3468(12)00755-5/abstract

Tiwari, A. K., Bierhals, A., & Wang, J. S. (2013). An uncommon cause of post-prandial nausea and vomiting. superior mesenteric artery syndrome. Gastroenterology, 145(3), 520, 698. 

            Notes: Case report of a 29-year-old male with history of traumatic injury to the spine leading to paralysis 4 months prior followed by weight loss. After being diagnosed with SMAS, conservative treatment was successful. Link: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23900107

Mearelli, F., Degrassi, F., Occhipinti, A. A., Casarsa, C., De Manzini, N., & Biolo, G. (2014). Pinched: Superior mesenteric artery syndrome. The American Journal of Medicine, 127(5), 393. 

            Notes: Case report of a 47-year-old man with a history of anorexia nervosa diagnosed with SMAS as well as nutcracker syndrome. After conservative treatment failed, division of the ligament of treitz was performed, and the patient was symptom free as of his 6-month follow up. Link: http://www.amjmed.com/article/S0002-9343(14)00074-6/abstract

Jalilvand, A., & Fisichella, P. M. (2014). Superior mesenteric artery syndrome. Digestive and Liver Disease : Official Journal of the Italian Society of Gastroenterology and the Italian Association for the Study of the Liver, 46(9), 859. doi:10.1016/j.dld.2014.03.021 

            Notes: Case report of a 56-year-old woman awaiting lung transplantation diagnosed with SMAS. Following placement of a feeding tube and careful feeding supervision, she gained 25 pounds and experienced complete remission of symptoms, after which she was listed for transplantation. Link: http://www.dldjournalonline.com/article/S1590-8658(14)00320-X/abstract

Mathenge, N., Osiro, S., Rodriguez, I. I., Salib, C., Tubbs, R. S., & Loukas, M. (2014). Superior mesenteric artery syndrome and its associated gastrointestinal implications. Clinical Anatomy, 27(8), 1244-1252. doi:10.1002/ca.22249 

            Notes: Review of literature describing epidemiology, embryology and anatomy, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis and imaging modalities, and management strategies of SMA Syndrome. Link: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ca.22249/abstract;jsessionid=1BA883F0B3B9A4FF6ECB3A90CF3B81FE.f02t03

Dao, T. V., Beydoun, T., Jorgensen, S., Towbin, A. J., & Towbin, R. (2014). Superior mesenteric artery compression syndrome. Applied Radiology, 43(11), 64. 

            Notes: Case report of a 20-year-old male with acute lymphoblastic leukemia diagnosed with SMAS. Diagnosis is described but not treatment of this case. Link: http://go.galegroup.com.ezproxy.uta.edu/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA391931467&v=2.1&u=txshracd2597&it=r&p=HRCA&sw=w

Bakker, M. E. C., van Delft, R., Vaessens, N. A. L., & Rosias, P. R. R. (2014). Superior mesenteric artery syndrome in a 15-year-old boy during ramadan. European Journal of Pediatrics, 173(12), 1619-1621. doi:10.1007/s00431-013-2190-5 

            Notes: Case report of a 15-year-old boy diagnosed with SMAS during Ramadan following gastroenteritis. Conservative treatment with feeding tubes was successful. Link: http://link.springer.com.ezproxy.uta.edu/article/10.1007%2Fs00431-013-2190-5

Kim, S. J., Yoon, J. S., Park, B. K., & Won, S. J. (2010). Superior mesenteric artery syndrome in a tetraplegic patient, 11 years after a spinal cord injury: A case report. Spinal Cord, 48(11), 838-839. doi:10.1038/sc.2010.24 

            Notes: Case report of a 41-year-old man with tetraplegia due to spinal cord injury 11 years prior diagnosed with SMAS. Conservative treatment with positioning led to resolution of symptoms up to 6 months follow up. Link: http://www.nature.com/sc/journal/v48/n11/full/sc201024a.html

Alenezy, A., Obaid, A., Qattan, A., & Hamad, A. (2014). Superior mesenteric artery syndrome and nutcracker phenomenon. Saudi Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, 2(3), 223. Notes: Case report of a 17-year-old male diagnosed with SMAS and nutcracker phenomenon. Conservative treatment led to relief of symptoms as of two weeks after discharge from hospital. Link: http://www.sjmms.net/article.asp?issn=1658-631X;year=2014;volume=2;issue=3;spage=223;epage=225;aulast=Alenezy

Duvie, S. O. (1988). Anterior transposition of the third part of the duodenum in the management of chronic duodenal compression by the superior mesenteric artery. International Surgery, 73(3), 140.  

            Notes: Case report of ten patients with SMAS treated surgically with anterior transposition of the duodenum. At follow up, all patients had relief of symptoms, were able to eat, and gained weight. Describes surgical technique.  Article mentions that “literature shows that authors disagree with the theory that SMA Syndrome is due principally to mechanical obstruction of the third part of the duodenum.” Link: http://www.researchgate.net/publication/19926217_Anterior_transposition_of_the_third_part_of_the_duodenum_in_the_management_of_chronic_duodenal_compression_by_the_superior_mesenteric_artery

Nana, A. M., Closset, J., Muls, V., Kouame, J., Jeanmart, J., van Gossum, A., . . . El Nakadi, I. (2003). Wilkie's syndrome. Surgical Endoscopy, 17(4), 659-659. doi:10.1007/s00464-002-4252-z 

            Notes: Case report of two women diagnosed with SMAS who underwent duodenojejunal bypass.  Surgery was successful as of 24 and 6 months post op. Link: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00464-002-4252-z x

• Banerjee, A., O'Neil, R., & Bidstrup, H. (1994). Adult respiratory distress syndrome caused by superior mesenteric artery syndrome. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, 22(5), 602.  Notes: Case report of a 35-year-old woman hospitalized with respiratory distress. While hospitalized she experienced various GI symptoms tolerating only tpn, and increased respiratory failure, leading to multiple intubations and tracheotomy. Following SMAS diagnosis and surgical treatment (gastrojejunostomy, pyloroplasty, and highly selective vagotomy) she began to tolerate oral liquids and her breathing returned to normal. It is assumed respiratory failure was due to repeated aspiration pneumonia. Link: http://www.aaic.net.au/search.aspx?q=banerjee&ST=q