Altiok, H., Lubicky, J. P., DeWald, C. J., & Herman, J. E. (2005). The superior mesenteric artery syndrome in patients with spinal deformity. Spine, 30(19), 2164. 

            Notes: A retrospective review of 2939 patients who underwent scoliosis surgery to determine incidence of SMAS. 17 patients were diagnosed with SMAS post-op, an incidence rate of .5%. Includes curve type, diagnoses, surgical procedures, instrumentation, documentation of SMA[S], degree of correction, weight and height percentiles, weight loss, and more. It is determined SMAS can still occur with newer instrumentation, and both low BMI and perioperative weight loss are considered factors. Link: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16205341

Akin, J.,J T., Gray, S. W., & Skandalakis, J. E. (1976). Vascular compression of the duodenum: Presentation of ten cases and review of the literature. Surgery, 79(5), 515. 

            Notes: Review of ten cases of patients diagnosed with SMAS, 9 female 1 male. One patient was deceased within 24 hours of admission. In eight patients, sypmtoms were completely relieved after surgery (two duodenojejunostomy with division of the ligament of treitz, 7 division of the ligament of treitz). One patient was only partially relieved due to “unwillingness to eat a normal diet.” Also includes review of literature of 94 cases since 1962 (until 1976 when the study was written), with data on age and sex, symptoms, causes and predispositions, diagnosis, and treatment, determining an 82% success rate for the duodenojejunostomy based on literature. Link: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1265660

NERI, S., SIGNORELLI, S. S., MONDATI, E., PULVIRENTI, D., CAMPANILE, E., DI PINO, L., . . . SCUDERI, R. (2005). Ultrasound imaging in diagnosis of superior mesenteric artery syndrome: DIAGNOSIS OF SMA SYNDROME. Journal of Internal Medicine, 257(4), 346-351. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2796.2005.01456.x 

            Notes: 950 patients with varying degrees of dyspepsia or abdominal pain were screened for SMAS with ultrasound. Reduced angle was demonstrated in 29 patients, which was confirmed by CT for all of them. 34.5% of these patients had symptom onset following weight loss. Link: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2796.2005.01456.x/full

Maheronnaghsh, R., Yousefian, A., & Rahimi-Movaghar, V. (2012). Updated evidence-based bowel management among spinal cord injury patients. Journal of Injury & Violence Research, 4(3 Suppl 1), S62. 

            Notes: Recommendations for the treatment of several GI complications of spinal cord injury. Conservative treatment is recommended for SMAS. Link: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3571585/pdf/jivr-04-03-59.pdf

Sharma, S., & Azzopardi, T. (2006). Reduction of abdominal pressure for prophylaxis of the mesenteric artery syndrome (cast syndrome) in a hip spica--a simple technique. Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England, 88(3), 317-317. doi:10.1308/003588406X106342c Notes: Description of technique for using rubber spacer in a spica cast to prevent SMAS. Link: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1963662/pdf/rcse8803-317a.pdf

Yakan, S., Calıskan, C., Kaplan, H., Deneclı, A. G., & Coker, A. (2013). Superior mesenteric artery syndrome: A rare cause of intestinal obstruction. diagnosis and surgical management. Indian Journal of Surgery, 75(2), 106-110. doi:10.1007/s12262-012-0423-x 

            Notes: Review of 6 cases of SMAS treated surgically. All had initially failed conservative treatment, and all surgeries were successful. Link: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3644149/pdf/12262_2012_Article_423.pdf x-x

Wei-Liang Yang Xin-Chen Zhang. (2008). Assessment of duodenal circular drainage in treatment of superior mesenteric artery syndrome. 世界胃肠病学杂志：英文版, 14(2), 303-306. doi:10.3748/wjg.14.303  

            Notes: A retrospective study of 47 SMAS cases who had continued symptoms after surgery for SMAS. All were treated with duodenal circular drainage surgery, and all received relief of reverse peristalsis and relief of symptoms. Link: http://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/14/303.pdf x

Wilkie, D. P. D. (1921). Chronic duodenal ileus. The British Medical Journal, 2(3176), 793-795.  Notes: Description of SMAS including symptomology, physical examination, complications, and treatment, with case reports of multiple operations, including 21 duodenojejunostomies.  x

Anderson, J. R., Earnshaw, P. M., & Fraser, G. M. (1982). Extrinsic compression of the third part of the duodenum. Clinical Radiology, 33(1), 75-81. doi:10.1016/S0009-9260(82)80358-9 

            Notes: Study of 12 patients with radiological findings of SMAS. Prevalence of SMAS among patients referred for upper GI imaging (about 6000 total) was .2%. Includes clinical features, associated conditions, treatment and progress. Link: http://www.clinicalradiologyonline.net/article/S0009-9260(82)80358-9/abstract

Richardson, W. S., & Surowiec, W. J. (2001). Laparoscopic repair of superior mesenteric artery syndrome. American Journal of Surgery, 181(4), 377-378. doi:10.1016/S0002-9610(01)00571-2  

            Notes: Describes laparoscopic duodenojejunostomy for SMAS in two patients including surgical procedure, and determines that it is feasible laparoscopically.  Both patients were doing well up to 2 weeks post op. Link: http://www.americanjournalofsurgery.com/article/S0002-9610(01)00571-2/abstract x

Zhu, Z., & Qiu, Y. (2005). Superior mesenteric artery syndrome following scoliosis surgery: Its risk indicators and treatment strategy. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 11(21), 3307-3310. 
Notes: 640 patients underwent scoliosis surgery, 7 of which were diagnosed with SMAS post-op.  All were successfully treated conservatively.  Risk factors are also discussed.  Link: http://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/11/3307.pdf

Ünal, B., Aktaş, A., Kemal, G., Bilgili, Y., Güliter, S., Daphan, Ç, & Aydınuraz, K. (2005). Superior mesenteric artery syndrome: CT and ultrasonography findings. Diag Interv Radiol, (11), 90-95. Retrieved August 23, 2014, from http://www.dirjournal.org/sayilar/5/buyuk/pdf_DIR_21.pdf 

            Notes: describes CT and ultrasound findings in SMAS patients; describes mesenteric angle and duodenal dilation.

Biank, V., & Werlin, S. (2006). Superior mesenteric artery syndrome in children: A 20-year experience. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 42(5), 522-525. doi:10.1097/01.mpg.0000221888.36501.f2  

            Notes: A study of 22 pediatric patients treated for SMAS at Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin between 1985 and 2005.  Conservative treatment was successful in 86% of patients, and in the three who underwent surgical treatment, all but one recovered completely. Link: http://www.pubfacts.com/detail/16707974/Superior-mesenteric-artery-syndrome-in-children:-a-20-year-experience.

Kim, J., Kim, H., Moon, E., Park, J., Shin, D., Lee, G., ... Jung, Y. (2008). Incidence and Risk Factors Associated with Superior Mesenteric Artery Syndrome following Surgical Correction of Scoliosis. Asian Spine Journal, 2(1), 27–33-27–33.  
Notes:  A retrospective study looking at rates of incidence and risk factors for SMAS associated with scoliosis surgery. Rate of incidence was determined to be greater than 4.7% after scoliosis surgery. Link: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2857491/

Chao, H. (2009). 1390: Correlation of aortomesenteric angle and malnourished status with SMA syndrome in suspicious malnourished pediatric patients. Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology, 35(8), S205-S205. doi:10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2009.06.775  

            Notes: Aortomesenteric angles were measured in 103 patients with very low BMIs to find a correlation between malnourishment and SMAS. Malnourishment and SMAS did not correlate significantly, but SMAS and low aortomesenteric angle did correlate significantly.

Lee, T. H., Lee, J. S., Jo, Y., Park, K. S., Cheon, J. H., Kim, Y. S., . . . Kang, Y. W. (2012). Superior mesenteric artery syndrome: Where do we stand today? Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery : Official Journal of the Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract, 16(12), 2203-2211. doi:10.1007/s11605-012-2049-5  

            Notes: Study of 80 SMAS patients diagnosed in Korea between 1999 and 2010. Describes demographics, clinical characteristics, treatment and outcomes, and comorbid conditions. The success rate of conservative treatment was 71.3% after 5 months with a recurrence rate of 15.8%. In the 14 who required surgery for SMAS, the success rate was 92.9%. 5 patients (6.3%) were deceased; two from unrelated conditions, one from a condition caused by SMAS, and two from surgical procedures presumably intended to treat SMAS. Link: http://www.researchgate.net/publication/232281233_Superior_Mesenteric_Artery_Syndrome_Where_Do_We_Stand_Today

Arthurs, O. J., Mehta, U., & Set, P. A. K. (2012). Nutcracker and SMA syndromes: What is the normal SMA angle in children? European Journal of Radiology, 81(8), e854.  

            Notes: A study of 205 abdominal CT scans in normal (asymptomatic) children, where SMA angles, left renal vein distance, and duodenal distance were measured, and compared to total and visceral intra-abdominal fat.  The SMA angles ranged from 10.6–112.9°. There was a weak but significant correlation between all three measurements and fat levels; however visceral fat correlated more with SMA angle in females. Link: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0720048X12001635

Shin, M. S., & Kim, J. Y. (2013). Optimal duration of medical treatment in superior mesenteric artery syndrome in children. Journal of Korean Medical Science, 28(8), 1220.  

            Notes: A retrospective study of 18 children diagnosed with SMAS. The optimal duration for medical (weight gain) treatment was determined to be 6 weeks. Medical management was successful for 72.2% of patients. Describes demographics, risk factors, BMI, and comorbid conditions. Link: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3744712/