Wei-Liang Yang Xin-Chen Zhang. (2008). Assessment of duodenal circular drainage in treatment of superior mesenteric artery syndrome. 世界胃肠病学杂志：英文版, 14(2), 303-306. doi:10.3748/wjg.14.303  

            Notes: A retrospective study of 47 SMAS cases who had continued symptoms after surgery for SMAS. All were treated with duodenal circular drainage surgery, and all received relief of reverse peristalsis and relief of symptoms. Link: http://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/14/303.pdf x

Wilkie, D. P. D. (1921). Chronic duodenal ileus. The British Medical Journal, 2(3176), 793-795.  Notes: Description of SMAS including symptomology, physical examination, complications, and treatment, with case reports of multiple operations, including 21 duodenojejunostomies.  x

Guthrie, J.,R H. (1971). Wilkie's syndrome. Annals of Surgery, 173(2), 290-293. doi:10.1097/00000658-197102000-00017  

            Notes:  Case studies of two patients treated for SMAS with surgery.  Includes theorization about precipitating factors. Link: http://journals.lww.com/annalsofsurgery/Citation/1971/02000/Wilkie_s_Syndrome_.17.aspx x

Burrington, J. D., & Wayne, E. R. (1974). Obstruction of the duodenum by the superior mesenteric artery — does it exist in children? Journal of Pediatric Surgery, 9(5), 733-741. doi:10.1016/0022-3468(74)90112-2  

            Notes: Report of 20 cases of SMAS in children.  5 were treated successfully with conservative treatment (one of whom later died of cancer) and 14 of whom underwent surgical treatment (one of whom had some ongoing symptoms).  Includes descriptions of diagnostic findings and anatomic structures observed in surgery. Link: http://www.jpedsurg.org/article/0022-3468(74)90112-2/abstract

Anderson, J. R., Earnshaw, P. M., & Fraser, G. M. (1982). Extrinsic compression of the third part of the duodenum. Clinical Radiology, 33(1), 75-81. doi:10.1016/S0009-9260(82)80358-9 

            Notes: Study of 12 patients with radiological findings of SMAS. Prevalence of SMAS among patients referred for upper GI imaging (about 6000 total) was .2%. Includes clinical features, associated conditions, treatment and progress. Link: http://www.clinicalradiologyonline.net/article/S0009-9260(82)80358-9/abstract

Jones, P. A., & Wastell, C. (1983). Superior mesenteric artery syndrome. Postgraduate Medical Journal, 59(692), 376-379. doi:10.1136/pgmj.59.692.376  

            Notes: Case report of a 16-year-old male diagnosed with SMAS.  Duodenojejunostomy was successful. Link: http://pmj.bmj.com/content/59/692/376.full.pdf+html x

Cohen, L. B., Field, S. P., & Sachar, D. B. (1985). The superior mesenteric artery syndrome. the disease that isn't, or is it? Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology, 7(2), 113-116. doi:10.1097/00004836-198504000-00002  
Notes:  Case report of a 16-year-old girl diagnosed with SMAS after a long history of illness.  After conservative treatment failed, she was treated successfully with surgery (Strong's procedure). Link: http://www.readcube.com/articles/10.1097/00004836-198504000-00002

Ortiz, C., Cleveland, R. H., Blickman, J. G., Jaramillo, D., & Kim, S. H. (1990). Familial superior mesenteric artery syndrome. Pediatric Radiology, 20(8), 588-589. doi:10.1007/BF02129061  Notes: Case report of a family of eight, five of whom probably had SMAS.  Four daughters were diagnosed with SMAS and the father, who had similar symptoms, was deceased at the time of this report.  Three of the daughters successfully underwent conservative treatment; only one required surgery (duodenotomy with division of the ligament of treitz). Link: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF02129061

Gersin, K. S., & Heniford, B. T. (1998). Laparoscopic duodenojejunostomy for treatment of superior mesenteric artery syndrome. JSLS : Journal of the Society of Laparoendoscopic Surgeons / Society of Laparoendoscopic Surgeons, 2(3), 281-284.
            Notes: Case report of the first known laparoscopic duodenojejunostomy. The 24-year-old female patient recovered successfully. Link: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3015298/ x

Vitale, M. (1999). Superior Mesenteric Artery Syndrome After Segmental Instrumentation: A Biochemical Analysis. The American Journal of Orthopedics, 28(8), 461-467.  

            Notes:  Case report of the first known diagnosis of SMAS following scoliosis surgery using a segmental derotational instrumentation system, which is believed to have a lower incidence rate of SMAS than older methods of scoliosis correction.  Patient was successfully treated conservatively.  Includes a brief review of literature, including mention of other cases of SMAS following scoliosis surgery found in literature. 

Ravindra, K. V., Rajasekhar, P., Rozario, A. P., Pais, A. V., & Thomas, P. G. (1999). Superior mesenteric artery syndrome following ileo-anal pouch procedure. Indian Journal of Gastroenterology : Official Journal of the Indian Society of Gastroenterology, 18(1), 35. Notes: Case study of a patient diagnosed with SMAS after J-pouch surgery to treat ulcerative colitis.  Patient was successfully treated surgically (anterior transposition of the duodenum). Link: http://scholar.qsensei.com/content/ycvgh

Loeb, T., Loubert, G., Morsly, R., Gabillet, J. M., & Pasteyer, J. (1999). Superior mesenteric artery syndrome. Annales Françaises d'Anesthèsie Et De Rèanimation, 18(9), 1000.  

            Notes: Case study of four patients, ages ranging from 14-24, both male and female, who developed SMAS after spinal surgery. Describes clinical findings and treatments with feeding tubes. Article is in French. Link: http://www.researchgate.net/publication/246133622_Syndrome_de_l%27artre_msentrique_suprieure

Komai, H., Naito, Y., & Fujiwara, K. (1999). Superior mesenteric artery syndrome as a result of enlarged abdominal aortic aneurysm. Journal of Vascular Surgery, 29(6), 1162-1163. doi:10.1016/S0741-5214(99)70255-7  

            Notes: Case report of a 71-year-old man diagnosed with SMAS in association with an abdominal aortic aneurism and an adhesion. He was treated successfully with surgery. Lnk: http://www.jvascsurg.org/article/S0741-5214(99)70255-7/fulltext

Wilkinson, R., & Huang, C. (2000). Superior mesenteric artery syndrome in traumatic paraplegia: A case report and literature review. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 81(7), 991-994. doi:10.1053/apmr.2000.3867 

            Notes: Case study of a patient diagnosed with SMAS after traumatic paraplegia.  Conservative treatment was successful. Link: http://www.archives-pmr.org/article/S0003-9993(00)05771-3/fulltext

Lima, H. S., Maia, A. M., & Antonio Kneipp Pitta de Castro Neto. (2000). Síndrome da artéria mesentérica superior superior mesenteric artery syndrome. Revista do Colégio Brasileiro De Cirurgiões, 27(2), 128-130.  

            Notes:  Case study of an 83-year-old female diagnosed with SMAS, who was treated surgically (duodenojejunostomy) after conservative treatment failed.  She was deceased 20 days post-op due to cardiac complications. Article is in Portuguese. Link: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-69912000000200012 x

LaBan, M. M. (2000). Superior mesenteric artery syndrome in traumatic paraplegia. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 81(10), 1442-1442. doi:10.1053/apmr.2000.19889  Notes: Letter commenting on increased awareness of SMAS in spinal cord injury patients. Link: http://www.archives-pmr.org/article/S0003-9993(00)70061-X/fulltext

Hussain, H., Vlodov, J., & Tenner, S. (2000). Rapid weight loss causing the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) syndrome in a patient with chronic diarrhea. The American Journal of Gastroenterology, 95(9), 2579-2579. doi:10.1016/S0002-9270(00)01730-5 

            Notes: Case study of a 24-year-old male diagnosed with SMAS who had a history of chronic diarrhea. Stomach and Duodenum were markedly dilated. He was treated successfully with surgery (duodenojejunostomy). x

Hoffman, R. J., & Arpadi, S. M. (2000). A pediatric AIDS patient with superior mesenteric artery syndrome. AIDS Patient Care and STDs, 14(1), 3.  

            Notes:  A case study of a child with AIDS diagnosed with SMAS after weight loss.  Conservative treatment was successful. Link: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12240880

Ghosh, A., Chatterjee, P., & Chatterjee, B. (2000). Superior mesenteric artery syndrome causing acute intestinal obstruction. The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India, 48(8), 847.  Notes:  Case report of a 25-year-old male diagnosed with SMAS.  Symptoms were not relieved by posture change and conservative treatment failed, however surgery (duodenojejunostomy) was successful. x

BALTAZAR, U., DUNN, J., FLORESGUERRA, C., SCHMIDT, L., & BROWDER, W. (2000). Superior mesenteric artery syndrome: An uncommon cause of intestinal obstruction. Southern Medical Journal, 93(6), 606-608. doi:10.1097/00007611-200093060-00014  

            Notes: Case report of a 55-year-old woman diagnosed with SMAS with no precipitating weight loss.  Treatment with surgery (duodenojejunostomy) was successful. Link: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10881780 x-

Watanabe, T. (2011). Superior mesenteric artery syndrome and acute pancreatitis in a boy with eating disorder: A case report. Open Journal of Pediatrics, 1(4), 94-97. doi:10.4236/ojped.2011.14022  

            Notes: Case report of an 11-year-old boy with a history of Anorexia Nervosa and Kawasaki Syndrome diagnosed with SMAS and acute pancreatitis. Gastric decompression immediately relieved symptoms. Link: http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=16388#.VCYFIvldX0U

Ogunmola, N. A., Kay, M., Hupertz, V., Wyllie, R., & Petras, R. (2001). Familial hollow visceral myopathy in a pediatric patient presenting as SMA syndrome. The American Journal of Gastroenterology, 96(9), S228-S229. doi:10.1016/S0002-9270(01)03507-9  

            Notes: Case report of a 17-year-old boy diagnosed with SMAS who was subsequently found, after a biopsy, to have instead pseudo-obstruction caused by visceral myopathy. Symptoms were managed by TPN and limited po feeds.

Szajnberg, N. (2001). Eating disorder and superior mesenteric artery syndrome. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40(4), 388-389. doi:10.1097/00004583-200104000-00003 

            Notes: A letter to the editor in response to an article on eating disorders and SMAS, cautioning that a careful clinical history can help to distinguish between the two, and getting it wrong can be disastrous.

Richardson, W. S., & Surowiec, W. J. (2001). Laparoscopic repair of superior mesenteric artery syndrome. American Journal of Surgery, 181(4), 377-378. doi:10.1016/S0002-9610(01)00571-2  

            Notes: Describes laparoscopic duodenojejunostomy for SMAS in two patients including surgical procedure, and determines that it is feasible laparoscopically.  Both patients were doing well up to 2 weeks post op. Link: http://www.americanjournalofsurgery.com/article/S0002-9610(01)00571-2/abstract x

Murthi, & Raine. (2001). Superior Mesenteric Artery Syndrome in Children. Scottish Medical Journal, 5(46), 153-154.  

            Notes:  Report of four cases of SMAS.  In case 1, an 8-year-old boy was diagnosed with SMAS after weight loss and underwent conservative treatment successfully.  In case 2, a 5-year-old boy was diagnosed with SMAS with long-term history of problems, and was treated successfully with surgery.  Case 3 was a 12-year-old boy diagnosed with SMAS after scoliosis surgery, who was successfully treated with surgery, and case 4 was an 8-year-old boy diagnosed with SMAS after surgery for appendicitis, who was treated with surgery but continued to have symptoms. Link: http://scm.sagepub.com/content/46/5/153.abstract

Jordaan, G. P., Muller, A., Greeff, M., & Stein, D. J. (2000). Eating disorder and superior mesenteric artery syndrome. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39(10), 1211. doi:10.1097/00004583-200010000-00005  

            Notes: Case report of an adolescent girl treated for SMAS with surgery.  She later presented with similar symptoms in addition to emotional symptoms and was diagnosed with an eating disorder caused by the SMAS.

Iwaoka, Y., Yamada, M., Takehira, Y., Hanajima, K., Nakamura, T., Murohisa, G., . . . Kitagawa, M. (2001). Superior mesenteric artery syndrome in identical twin brothers. Internal Medicine (Tokyo, Japan), 40(8), 713.  

            Notes: Case report of identical twin brothers both diagnosed with SMAS a year apart from each other.  After conservative treatment failed, both were treated successfully with surgery (duodenojejunostomy). Link: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11518108 x-

Essadel, A., Benamr, S., Taghy, A., Lahlou, M. K., Mohammadine, E., Chad, B., & Belmahi, A. (2001). A rare complication of ileal pouch anal anastomosis: Superior mesenteric artery syndrome. Annales De Chirurgie, 126(6), 565.  

            Notes: Case study of a 26-year-old patient diagnosed with SMAS following j-pouch surgery.  Conservative treatment failed, but surgical treatment (gastrojejunostomy) was successful.  Article is in French. Link: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003394401005521

Diwakaran, H., Stolar, C., & Prather, C. (2001). Superior mesenteric artery syndrome.Gastroenterology, (121), 516, 746. 

            Notes: Case study of a 17-year-old patient diagnosed with SMAS; describes symptoms, clinical findings, and diagnosis.

Chehab, F., Hajji, I., Haimoud, N., Lakhloufi, A., Khaiz, D., & Bouzidi, A. (2001). Superior mesenteric artery syndrome in adults. Annales De Chirurgie, 126(8), 808. 

            Notes: Case study of a 24-year-old patient diagnosed with SMAS and treated successfully with surgery (gastrojejunostomy and vagotomy).  Discusses possible precipitating factors for SMAS and treatment options with their success rates. Article is in French. Link: http://phdtree.org/pdf/14014071-superior-mesenteric-artery-syndrome-in-adults/

Azami, Y. (2001). Diabetes mellitus associated with superior mesenteric artery syndrome: Report of two cases. Internal Medicine (Tokyo, Japan), 40(8), 736. 
Notes: Case report of two patients with diabetes mellitus who were also diagnosed with SMAS.  Case 1 was also diagnosed with an eating disorder, and refused conservative treatment. Case 2 was successfully treated with conservative treatment. Link: https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/internalmedicine1992/40/8/40_8_736/_pdf

Lippl, F., Hannig, C., Weiss, W., Allescher, H., Classen, M., & Kurjak, M. (2002). Superior mesenteric artery syndrome: Diagnosis and treatment from the gastroenterologist's view. Journal of Gastroenterology, 37(8), 640-643. doi:10.1007/s005350200101  

            Notes: Case reports of a 20-year-old man with a long history of illness and a 31-year-old man undergoing cancer treatment, both diagnosed with SMAS.  Both underwent conservative treatment and attained relief from symptoms.  Patient 2 however later died from his cancer. Link: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs005350200101#page-1

Laffont, I., Bensmail, D., Rech, C., Prigent, G., Loubert, G., & Dizien, O. (2002). Late superior mesenteric artery syndrome in paraplegia: Case report and review. Spinal Cord, 40(2), 88-91. doi:10.1038/sj.sc.3101255  

            Notes: case report of a 54-year-old man who was diagnosed with SMAS three months after becoming paraplegic.  Conservative treatment was successful.  Discusses similar cases, possible precipitating factors, and treatment options. Link: http://www.researchgate.net/publication/11439752_Late_superior_mesenteric_artery_syndrome_in_paraplegia_case_report_and_review

Lim, J. E., Duke, G. L., & Eachempati, S. R. (2003). Superior mesenteric artery syndrome presenting with acute massive gastric dilatation, gastric wall pneumatosis, and portal venous gas. Surgery, 134(5), 840-843. doi:10.1016/S0039-6060(02)21677-3  

            Notes: Case study of a 20-year-old female patient diagnosed with SMAS and treated with surgery.  Patient had several complicating conditions that were believed to be a result of the SMAS. Link: http://www.surgjournal.com/article/S0039-6060(02)21677-3/abstract

Cho, Y. P., Ahn, J., Jang, H. J., Kim, Y. H., & Lee, S. G. (2004). Superior mesenteric artery syndrome after successful coil embolization of a ruptured pancreaticoduodenal artery aneurysm: Report of a case. Surgery Today, 34(3), 276-278. doi:10.1007/s00595-003-2681-5  Notes: Case study of a 65-year-old woman with SMAS which developed after a successful surgery to treat a PDA aneurism.  The SMAS was successfully treated with surgery. Link: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00595-003-2681-5

Zhu, Z., & Qiu, Y. (2005). Superior mesenteric artery syndrome following scoliosis surgery: Its risk indicators and treatment strategy. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 11(21), 3307-3310. 
Notes: 640 patients underwent scoliosis surgery, 7 of which were diagnosed with SMAS post-op.  All were successfully treated conservatively.  Risk factors are also discussed.  Link: http://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/11/3307.pdf

Valdes, A., Cárdenas, O., Espinosa, A., Villazón, O., & Valdes, V. (2005). Superior mesenteric artery syndrome. Journal of the American College of Surgeons, 201(5), 808-808. doi:10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2005.04.033  

            Notes: Case study of a 22-year-old female patient diagnosed with SMAS. Describes symptoms, clinical findings, and treatment. Link: http://www.journalacs.org/article/S1072-7515(05)00551-X/abstract

Ünal, B., Aktaş, A., Kemal, G., Bilgili, Y., Güliter, S., Daphan, Ç, & Aydınuraz, K. (2005). Superior mesenteric artery syndrome: CT and ultrasonography findings. Diag Interv Radiol, (11), 90-95. Retrieved August 23, 2014, from http://www.dirjournal.org/sayilar/5/buyuk/pdf_DIR_21.pdf 

            Notes: describes CT and ultrasound findings in SMAS patients; describes mesenteric angle and duodenal dilation.

Shetty, A. K., Schmidt-Sommerfeld, E., Haymon, M. L., & John N Udall Jr. (2000). Radiologica case of the month: Denouement and discussion: Superior mesenteric artery syndrome. Archives of Family Medicine, 9(1), 17. 

            Notes: Case report of a 14-year-old African-American girl diagnosed with SMAS. Includes description of SMAS.

Biank, V., & Werlin, S. (2006). Superior mesenteric artery syndrome in children: A 20-year experience. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 42(5), 522-525. doi:10.1097/01.mpg.0000221888.36501.f2  

            Notes: A study of 22 pediatric patients treated for SMAS at Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin between 1985 and 2005.  Conservative treatment was successful in 86% of patients, and in the three who underwent surgical treatment, all but one recovered completely. Link: http://www.pubfacts.com/detail/16707974/Superior-mesenteric-artery-syndrome-in-children:-a-20-year-experience.

Buresh, C., & Graber, M. (2006). Unusual Causes of Recurrent Abdominal Pain.Emergency Medicine, 38(5), 11-18.  
Notes: Case study of 21-year-old female patient with abdominal pain. Describes multiple possible causes including SMAS and how to diagnose.

Gopal, M., & Fisher, R. (2007). A case report of B-cell lymphoma masquerading as superior mesenteric artery syndrome. Journal of Pediatric Surgery, 42(11), 1926-1927. doi:10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2007.07.026  

            Notes: Case report of a 7-year-old girl diagnosed with SMAS who, upon open surgery for feeding tube placement, was found instead to have intussusception caused by a tumor. Resection of the intussusception was successful, as was cancer treatment. Link: http://www.jpedsurg.org/article/S0022-3468(07)00509-X/abstract

Welsch, T., Büchler, M. W., & Kienle, P. (2007). Recalling superior mesenteric artery syndrome. Digestive Surgery, 24(3), 149-156. doi:10.1159/000102097   

            Notes:  An extensive review of literature on SMAS discussing anatomy and etiology, epidemiology, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment and outcome.  Includes a brief case report of a 28-year-old female diagnosed with SMAS following a j-pouch surgery, who was successfully treated with surgery. Link: http://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/102097

Barsoum, M. K., Shepherd, R. F., & Welch, T. J. (2008). Patient with both wilkie syndrome and nutcracker syndrome. Vascular Medicine, 13(3), 247-250. doi:10.1177/1358863X08092272  Notes: Case report of a 29-year-old female diagnosed with both SMAS and nutcracker syndrome who was treated successfully with conservative treatment. Link: http://vmj.sagepub.com/content/13/3/247.full.pdf+html

Pourhassan, S., Grotemeyer, D., Fürst, G., Rudolph, J., & Sandmann, W. (2008). Infrarenal transposition of the superior mesenteric artery: A new approach in the surgical therapy for wilkie syndrome. Journal of Vascular Surgery, 47(1), 201-204. doi:10.1016/j.jvs.2007.07.037 Notes: Case report of a 37-year-old woman diagnosed with SMAS and surgically treated with transposition of the SMA, leading to complete relief of symptoms. Link: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0741521407012001

Shiyanagi, S., Kaneyama, K., Okazaki, T., Lane, G. J., & Yamataka, A. (2008). Anterior transposition of the third part of the duodenum for the treatment of superior mesenteric artery syndrome. Journal of Pediatric Surgery, 43(2), e1-e3. doi:10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2007.09.070 Notes: Case report of a 14-year-old girl diagnosed with SMAS for whom conservative treatment had failed. She was treated surgically with an anterior transposition of the duodenum and was asymptomatic as of 13 months post-op. Link: http://www.jpedsurg.org/article/S0022-3468(07)00740-3/abstract

Park, J., Park, S., Park, D. H., Park, J. H., Lee, S., Chung, I., & Kim, S. (2008). Superior mesenteric artery syndrome (with video). Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, 67(2), 348-350. doi:10.1016/j.gie.2007.08.009  

            Notes:  Case report of a 25-year-old woman diagnosed with SMAS. She refused conservative treatment and underwent a laparoscopic duodenojejunostomy and symptoms resolved 1 month post-op. Link: http://www.giejournal.org/article/S0016-5107(07)02512-6/abstract x

Kim, J., Kim, H., Moon, E., Park, J., Shin, D., Lee, G., ... Jung, Y. (2008). Incidence and Risk Factors Associated with Superior Mesenteric Artery Syndrome following Surgical Correction of Scoliosis. Asian Spine Journal, 2(1), 27–33-27–33.  
Notes:  A retrospective study looking at rates of incidence and risk factors for SMAS associated with scoliosis surgery. Rate of incidence was determined to be greater than 4.7% after scoliosis surgery. Link: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2857491/

Dalal, S., Sahu, R., Garg, P., & Nityasha. (2008). SMA syndrome with peptic ulcer perforation: A rare co-existence. The Internet Journal of Gastroenterology,  
Notes: Case report of a 28-year-old male who underwent surgery for peptic ulcer perforation and developed SMAS post-op. He was treated successfully with a duodenojejunostomy. Link: http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/33907068/sma-syndrome-peptic-ulcer-perforation-rare-co-existence x

Matheos, E., Vasileios, K., Ioannis, B., Dimitrios, Z., & Kostas, H. (2009). Superior mesenteric artery syndrome. Case Reports in Gastroenterology, 3(2) doi:10.1159/000209866 

            Notes: Case report of a 63-year-old woman diagnosed with SMAS after a long history of illness, possibly started after cancer treatment. Duodenojejunostomy was successful. Includes review of literature. Link: https://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/209866 x

Singaporewalla, R. M., Lomato, D., & Ti, T. K. (2009). Laparoscopic duodenojejunostomy for superior mesenteric artery syndrome. JSLS : Journal of the Society of Laparoendoscopic Surgeons / Society of Laparoendoscopic Surgeons, 13(3), 450-454.  

            Notes: Case report of a 66-year-old man diagnosed with SMAS who refused conservative treatment and underwent a successful duodenojejunostomy. Includes operative technique. Link: http://europepmc.org/articles/PMC3015984 x

Fraser, J. D., St Peter, S. D., Hughes, J. H., & Swain, J. M. (2009). Laparoscopic duodenojejunostomy for superior mesenteric artery syndrome. JSLS : Journal of the Society of Laparoendoscopic Surgeons / Society of Laparoendoscopic Surgeons, 13(2), 254-259.  Notes:  Case report of 32-year-old female diagnosed with SMAS who underwent a successful laparoscopic duodenojejunostomy.  Includes surgical procedures. Link: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3015928/ x

Steen, S., & Kuhn, J. A. (2009). P-28: Case report: Minimally invasive treatment of SMA syndrome after laparoscopic roux-Y gastric bypass. Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases, 5(3), S33-S34. doi:10.1016/j.soard.2009.03.096  

            Notes: Case report of a 21-year-old female who underwent a Roux-en-Y gastric bypass for morbid obesity. After extreme weight loss she was diagnosed with SMAS and treated with laparoscopic duodenojejunostomy successfully. Link: http://www.soard.org/article/S1550-7289(09)00236-6/pdf x

Ko, K., Tsai, S., Yu, C., Huang, G., Liu, C., & Chang, W. (2009). Unusual complication of superior mesenteric artery syndrome: Spontaneous upper gastrointestinal bleeding with hypovolemic shock. Journal of the Chinese Medical Association, 72(1), 45-47. doi:10.1016/S1726-4901(09)70020-6  

            Notes:  Case report of a 24-year-old man diagnosed with SMAS after weight loss.  He suffered from upper GI bleeding and hypovolemic shock before a sub mucosal laceration was repaired in surgery, and a successful duodenojejunostomy was also performed. Link: http://www.jcma-online.com/article/S1726-4901(09)70020-6/pdf x

Chao, H. (2009). 1390: Correlation of aortomesenteric angle and malnourished status with SMA syndrome in suspicious malnourished pediatric patients. Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology, 35(8), S205-S205. doi:10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2009.06.775  

            Notes: Aortomesenteric angles were measured in 103 patients with very low BMIs to find a correlation between malnourishment and SMAS. Malnourishment and SMAS did not correlate significantly, but SMAS and low aortomesenteric angle did correlate significantly.

Wyten, R., Kelty, C. J., & Falk, G. L. (2010). Laparoscopic duodenojejunostomy for the treatment of superior mesenteric artery (SMA) syndrome: Case series. Journal of Laparoendoscopic & Advanced Surgical Techniques.Part A, 20(2), 173-176. doi:10.1089/lap.2009.0237  

            Notes:  Case report of three patients diagnosed with SMAS who underwent laparoscopic duodenojejunostomy.  Two patients recovered completely, and the third experienced significant improvement. Includes review of other similar case reports and historical SMAS research. Link: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3015298/ x

Rod, J., Sarnacki, S., Petit, T., & Ravasse, P. (2010). Portal venous gas and thrombosis complicating superior mesenteric artery syndrome (wilkie's syndrome) in a child. Journal of Pediatric Surgery, 45(4), 826-829. doi:10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2010.01.007  Notes: Case study of a child with Cerebral Palsy and several complicating gastroenterological conditions, diagnosed with SMAS and treated conservatively. Link: http://www.jpedsurg.org/article/S0022-3468(10)00012-6/abstract

Mandarry, M. T., Zhao, L., Zhang, C., & Wei, Z. Q. (2010). A comprehensive review of superior mesenteric artery syndrome. European Surgery, 42(5), 229-236. doi:10.1007/s10353-010-0561-y  

            Notes:  A review of literature discussing epidemiology, embryology, related anatomy, etiopathogenisis, clinical features, investigations and diagnosis, treatment, complications, and prevention. Link: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10353-010-0561-y

Magee, G., Slater, B. J., Lee, J. T., & Poultsides, G. A. (2011). Laparoscopic duodenojejunostomy for superior mesenteric artery syndrome. Digestive Diseases and Sciences, 56(9), 2528. doi:10.1007/s10620-011-1757-0  

            Notes: Case report of an 81-year-old female with a history of chronic mesenteric ischemia having undergone SMA angioplasty and stenting was diagnosed with SMAS caused by the stent.  Laparoscopic duodenojejunostomy was successful except for continued diarrhea, which, after treatment for bowel bacterial overgrowth failed, was successfully controlled with loperamide. Link: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10620-011-1757-0 x

Mosalli, R., El-Bizre, B., Farooqui, M., & Paes, B. (2011). Superior mesenteric artery syndrome: A rare cause of complete intestinal obstruction in neonates. Journal of Pediatric Surgery, 46(12), e29-e31. doi:10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2011.08.021  

            Notes: A case study of a 7-day-old infant diagnosed with SMAS following illness.  The infant was successfully treated surgically. Link: http://www.jpedsurg.org/article/S0022-3468(11)00737-8/abstract

Singh, S., Kappal, V., Kaur, V., & Dabar, S. (2014). Superior Mesenteric Artery Syndrome presenting with Acute Intestinal Obstruction: A Report of Two Cases and Review of Literature. JIMSA,27(1). 

            Notes: Case reports of a 23-year-old male and a 17-year-old female, both diagnosed with SMAS. After conservative treatment failed for both, they were treated with a side-to-side retro colic Duodenojejunostomy. Symptoms continued after surgery for the female, but decreased progressively with a 10-day trial of metoclopramide. Link: http://medind.nic.in/jav/t14/i1/javt14i1p29.pdf

Lee, T. H., Lee, J. S., Jo, Y., Park, K. S., Cheon, J. H., Kim, Y. S., . . . Kang, Y. W. (2012). Superior mesenteric artery syndrome: Where do we stand today? Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery : Official Journal of the Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract, 16(12), 2203-2211. doi:10.1007/s11605-012-2049-5  

            Notes: Study of 80 SMAS patients diagnosed in Korea between 1999 and 2010. Describes demographics, clinical characteristics, treatment and outcomes, and comorbid conditions. The success rate of conservative treatment was 71.3% after 5 months with a recurrence rate of 15.8%. In the 14 who required surgery for SMAS, the success rate was 92.9%. 5 patients (6.3%) were deceased; two from unrelated conditions, one from a condition caused by SMAS, and two from surgical procedures presumably intended to treat SMAS. Link: http://www.researchgate.net/publication/232281233_Superior_Mesenteric_Artery_Syndrome_Where_Do_We_Stand_Today

Lum, Y. W., Bone, C., Mckown, J., & Black, J. H. (2012). Duodenal obstruction from mesenteric stents mimicking SMA syndrome. Annals of Vascular Surgery, 26(1), 107.e1-107.e4. doi:10.1016/j.avsg.2011.05.027  

            Notes:  Case report of a 44-year-old woman who underwent placement of stents in the SMA and IMA to treat chronic mesenteric ischemia.  Later she experienced SMAS-type symptoms and it was discovered the duodenum was compressed between the stents.  Duodenojejunostomy was successful. Link: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21872429 x

Capitano, S., Donatelli, G., & Boccoli, G. (2012). Superior Mesenteric Artery Syndrome—Believe in it! Report of a Case. Case Reports in Surgery. Retrieved August 23, 2014, from doi:10.1155/2012/282646 
*Notes: Case study of 57-year-old male patient suffering from ALS who developed SMAS following surgery to place tracheotomy. Link: http://www.hindawi.com/journals/cris/2012/282646/

Arthurs, O. J., Mehta, U., & Set, P. A. K. (2012). Nutcracker and SMA syndromes: What is the normal SMA angle in children? European Journal of Radiology, 81(8), e854.  

            Notes: A study of 205 abdominal CT scans in normal (asymptomatic) children, where SMA angles, left renal vein distance, and duodenal distance were measured, and compared to total and visceral intra-abdominal fat.  The SMA angles ranged from 10.6–112.9°. There was a weak but significant correlation between all three measurements and fat levels; however visceral fat correlated more with SMA angle in females. Link: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0720048X12001635

Shin, M. S., & Kim, J. Y. (2013). Optimal duration of medical treatment in superior mesenteric artery syndrome in children. Journal of Korean Medical Science, 28(8), 1220.  

            Notes: A retrospective study of 18 children diagnosed with SMAS. The optimal duration for medical (weight gain) treatment was determined to be 6 weeks. Medical management was successful for 72.2% of patients. Describes demographics, risk factors, BMI, and comorbid conditions. Link: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3744712/

Wee, J. W., Lee, T. H., Lee, J. S., & Kim, W. J. (2013). Superior mesenteric artery syndrome diagnosed with linear endoscopic ultrasound (with video) in a patient with normal body mass index. Clinical Endoscopy, 46(4), 410.  

            Notes: Case report of a 61-year-old female with normal BMI diagnosed with SMAS via linear endoscopic ultrasound when gastric distention and severe gastroparesis made upper GI series difficult. Link: http://www.e-ce.org/journal/view.php?year=2013&vol=46&page=410

Vethakkan, S. R., Venugopal, Y., Tan, A. T. B., Paramasivam, S. S., Ratnasingam, J., Razak, R. A., . . . Choong, K. (2013; 2012). Hypothalamic germinoma masquerading as superior mesenteric artery (SMA) syndrome. Endocrine Practice : Official Journal of the American College of Endocrinology and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, 19(1), e29-15. doi:10.4158/EP12218.CR  

            Notes: Case report of a 19-year-old boy diagnosed with SMAS and subsequently found to have hypothyroidism secondary to hypothalamic germinoma. Treatment with cortisol, thyroid hormone, and antidiuretic hormone replacement resulted in weight gain and resolution of the SMAS. Link: http://aace.metapress.com/content/juw8263228640792/fulltext.pdf

Agrawal, S., & Patel, H. (2013). Superior mesenteric artery syndrome. Surgery, 153(4), 601. 

Notes: Case study of a 54-year-old man diagnosed with SMAS and treated surgically.  Surgery was considered successful as of 18 months post-op. Link: http://www.surgjournal.com/article/S0039-6060(12)00051-7/abstract x

Rajdev, S., Briscoe, N., Pigott, A., Jones, M., & Hall, C. (2014). Superior mesenteric artery (SMA) syndrome: An unusual cause of proximal intestinal obstruction. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 99(4)  

            Notes: Case report of two patients diagnosed with SMAS, one a 14-year-old girl with history of an eating disorder and one a male teen with multiple health problems including j-pouch surgery for ulcerative colitis.  Both successfully underwent conservative treatment. Link: http://adc.bmj.com/content/99/Suppl_1/A36.1.abstract

Althobity M, Alkhuziem M (2014) A New Laparoscopic Approach for the Treatment of SMA Syndrome. Surgery Curr Res 4: 189.   doi:10.4172/2161-1076.1000189  

            Notes:  Case study of 19-year-old female who, after undergoing a laparoscopic lateral duodenojejunostomy for SMAS, experienced continued symptoms and underwent a  Braun anastomosis to provide additional drainage, which was successful.  Also contains a review of literature. Link: http://omicsonline.org/open-access/new-laparoscopic-approach-for-the-treatment-of-sma-syndrome-2161-1076-4-189.pdf